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Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

List upper respiratory tract infections (3)

A
  1. Sinusitis
  2. Tonisilitis
  3. Pharyngitis
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2
Q

What % of pharyngitis is caused by viruses?

A

70%

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3
Q

List the stages of pathogenesis for the common cold (7)

A
  1. Infection
  2. Virus absorbed
  3. Viral replication
  4. Virus shedding
  5. Host defences activated
  6. Overgrowth of bacterial commensals
  7. Recovery
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4
Q

Most efficient mode of rhinovirus transmission?

A

Direct contact

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5
Q

Rhinovirus symptoms (4)

A
  1. Sneezing
  2. Sore throat
  3. Nasal obstruction
    - Rhinorrhea (nasal cavity filled with significant amount of mucus fluid)
  4. Cough
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6
Q

What % of sore throats are a result of S. pyogenes (group A)

A

25%

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7
Q

What % of children are asymptomatic carriers of S. pyogenes

A

15-20%

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8
Q

What group of streptococci are the main culprits for sore throats?

A

Group A (S. pyogenes)

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9
Q

What area in the body do ALPHA haemolytic streptococci affect?

A

Lung + oral

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10
Q

What area in the body do BETA haemolytic streptococci affect?

A

Lungs + throat

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11
Q

List virulence factors involved in group A streptococci (2)

A
  1. Pyrogenic exotoxins

2. M protein

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12
Q

List the complications that may follow with a streptococcal sore throat

A
  1. Pre-tonsillar abscess
  2. Otitis media (middle ear infection)
  3. Rheumatic fever
  4. Rheumatic heart disease
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13
Q

Define bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree that can lead to bronchoconstriction

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14
Q

When does acute bronchitis occur?

A

Increased frequency during winter

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15
Q

Is ACUTE bronchitis mainly viral or bacterial?

A

Viral

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16
Q

List the symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A

Productive cough during at least 3 months in each 2 years

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17
Q

What % of the population is affected by chronic bronchitis

A

10-25%

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18
Q

List predisposing features of chronic bronchitis

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Infection
  3. Air pollution
  4. Allergies
19
Q

Is CHRONIC bronchitis mainly viral or bacterial?

20
Q

What % of bronchitis cases are a result of viruses?

21
Q

List VIRUSES that can cause bronchitis

A
  1. Rhinovirus
  2. Influenza
  3. Adenovirus
22
Q

What % of bronchitis cases are caused by bacteria?

23
Q

List BACTERIA that cause bronchitis

A
  1. Mycoplasma
  2. Pneumoniae
  3. Chlamydia pneumoniae
24
Q

Give examples of medications that treat bronchitis (3)

A
  1. Decongestants
  2. NSAIDs
  3. Antibiotics
25
Q

What proportion of the population are infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis

26
Q

Is asymptomatic or symptomatic TB more popular?

A

Asymptomatic

4 x more likely

27
Q

List the stages involved in producing a caseous necrosis in TB (4)

A
  1. Inhalation of bacteria
  2. Bacteria reaches lungs and enters macrophages
  3. Bacteria reproduce in macrophages
  4. Lesion forms (caseous necrosis)
28
Q

List the effects of the caseous necrosis formed in TB (3)

A
  1. Activated macrophages and bacteria grow
  2. Lesion calcifies
  3. Lesion liquefies
29
Q

State the effects of a lesion liquefying in TB (3)

A
  1. Bacteria coughed up in sputum
  2. Lesion spreads to blood
  3. Organ death
30
Q

State the effect of the lesion calcifying in TB (2)

A
  1. Immune suppression and lesion reactivates

2. This causes more bacteria to reproduce in macrophages

31
Q

State tx options for TB (3)

A
  1. Triple therapy
  2. Long term
  3. DOTS - directly observed tx short course
32
Q

What drugs are included in the triple therapy tx for TB

A
  1. Streptomycin

2. Isoniazid

33
Q

List dental aspects that should be considered when managing RTI’s (5)

A
  1. Facemasks
  2. Ventilation and filtration
  3. Control of aerosols
  4. Vaccination of staff
  5. Universal infection control precautions
34
Q

State high risk factors for TB (4)

A
  1. Close contact with known case/ persons from high prevalence TB countries
  2. HIV infection
  3. Alcoholism
  4. Injection drug abuse
35
Q

List TB symptoms (5)

A
  1. Productive cough over 3 weeks
  2. Headache
  3. Fever
  4. Weight loss
  5. Blood in sputum
36
Q

Define pneumonia

A

Inflammatory lung condition especially affecting the alveoli

37
Q

Causes of pneumonia (5)

A
  1. Infections
  2. Bacteria
  3. Viruses
  4. Fungi
  5. Parasites
38
Q

Describe the onset of pneumonia

A

Can be sudden or insidious

39
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia (3)

A
  1. Fever
  2. Shortness of breath
  3. Cough producing sputum
40
Q

Name the main causative agent in bacterial pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

41
Q

What groups of people are most susceptible to pneumonia (3)

A
  1. Young
  2. Elderly
  3. Immunosupressed
42
Q

Tx options for pneumonia (3)

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Potential hospitalisation
  3. Vaccination
43
Q

List an antibiotic for pneumonia

A

Erythromycin

44
Q

How can pneumonia be orally treated?

A

Aspiration of microorganisms into the lungs, directly through the endotracheal tube

Respiratory (3 decks)

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