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BDS2 BAMS Respiratory Tract > Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

what are saliva and mucous membranes membranes designed to do

A

absorb bio particles and bacteria

there is also iGA antibodies in the saliva mucous membranes

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2
Q

what are the different types of upper respiratory type infections

A

sinusitis
tonsilitis
pharyngitis

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3
Q

what is sinusitis

A

inflammation of sinuses

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4
Q

why is sinusitis more common in certain people than others

A

sinuses are different from person to person

some are more predisposed to build up of mucous which creates a nice growth environment for bacteria

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5
Q

what type of infection are tonsillitis and pharyngitis

A

viral
uncomfortable
antibiotics are normally given but they shouldn’t be
first port of call is to self medicate

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6
Q

what are common viruses that cause upper respiratory tract infection

A

rhinovirus
parainfluenza
epstein barr virus
herpes simples types 1 and 2

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7
Q

what are the bacteria that cause upper respiratory tract infections

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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8
Q

where is iGA found

A

main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions from tear glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, the respiratory system, GU tract and GI tract

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9
Q

what is iGA produced by

A

B lymphocytes

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10
Q

what are alveolar macrophages

A

primary phagocyte of the innate immune system, clearing the air spaces of infectious, toxic or allergic particles that have evaded the mechanical defenses of the respiratory tract

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11
Q

what are examples of viruses that cause upper respiratory tract infections

A

rhinovirus
influenza
epstein barr virus
herpes simples types 1 and 2

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12
Q

what are examples of bacterias that cause upper respiratory tract infections

A

streptoccocus pyogenes

c. diphtheria
h. influenza
b. vincenti

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13
Q

how often is tonsiltiis/pharyngitis caused by a virus

A

70%

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14
Q

what else can tonsillitis/pharyngitis be caused by

A 
common cold (rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza + others)
glandular fever
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15
Q

what is the pathogenesis of the common cold

A
  1. We start off by breathing in the virus
  2. The virus attaches to the epithelium and gets into the cell
  3. It divides rapidly
  4. Cell damage occurs as the immune system realizes that the cell is infected causing it to go into apoptosis or it may become necrotic
  5. Macrophages come along to try and tidy things up
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16
Q

what happens in the recovery of the common cold

A

interferon and antibody production occurs

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17
Q

what causes 25% of sore throat

A

streptococcus pyogenes (group A)

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18
Q

why does S. pyogenes show up in a blood agar

A

it haemolyses blood

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19
Q

what does group A strep produce

A

produces extracellular substances and essentially these are exotoxins that break up cell membranes, blood cells, collagen fibres ect making it a nasty organism

20
Q

what are group A strep virulence factors

A

 Pyrogenic exotoxins
 Streptolysins
 Hyaluronidase
 M protein

21
Q

what is the group A capsule made up of

A

hyaluronic acid and it is a protective mechanism

22
Q

how can streptococcus pyogenes cause rheumatic fever

A

It can cause streptococcal pharyngitis which results in rheumatic fever as the antibodies to the antigens in the streptococcal cell wall cross-react with the sarcolemma of the human heart.
Repeated attacks of S. pyogenes infection can result in damage to the heart valves.

23
Q

what is bronchitis

A

inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree

24
Q

what is acute bronchitis

A

 Usually occurs during the winter months

 Most often viral

25
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A

 Productive cough on most days during in at least 3 months in each of 2 successive years
 Affects 10-25% of population
 Predisposing factors that all drive bronchitis include smoking, infection, air pollution and allergies
 Can be due to viral and bacterial agents

26
Q

what is bronchitis caused by 90% of the time

A

viruses e.g
rhinovirus
influenza
adenovirus

27
Q

what is bronchitis caused by 10% of the time

A 
bacteria e.g
	B. pertusis (whooping cough) 
	M. pneumoniae 
	C. pneumoniae 
	H.  influenzae
28
Q

how can bronchitis be treated

A

Can be treated using decongestants, NSAIDs, antibiotics where appropriate

29
Q

why is mycobacterium tuberculosis so successful

A

due to the really lipidy outer cell wall which protects it

30
Q

how does mycobacterium tuberculosis happen

A

The organism enters the lungs through inhalation and the macrophages engulf if but they cannot process it so the microorganism reproduce inside them
A lesion begins to form (caseous necrosis) which is called a tubercle. The tubercle may go latent but it also has the potential to become systemic.

31
Q

what is treatment of TB

A

Treatment of it consists of triple therapy

The treatment is a long course (often 6 months)

32
Q

what are high risk factors in TB

A

 Close contact with known active TB case
 Residency in prison, nursing home, mental institution
 HIV infection
 Injection drug abuse
 Alcoholism
 Contact with persons from high prevalence TB countries (Africa, Asia, Latin America)

33
Q

what is pneumonia

A

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung – especially affecting the microscopic air sacs (alveoli)

34
Q

what is pneumonia caused by

A

typically caused by infections, but multi-factorial (bacteria, viruses, funi, parasitse)

35
Q

what are the clinical features of pneumonia

A

 Sudden or insidious onset
 Fever, rigors, malaise
 Shortness of breath, rapid shallow breathing, cyanosis
 Cough producing sputum

36
Q

what are the causes of pneumonia

A

community acquired or hospital acquired

37
Q

what are the community acquired pneumonia microorganisms

A

 Streptococcus pneumoniae
 Viruses
 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
 Chlamydia pneumoniae

38
Q

what are the hospital acquired pneumonia microorganisms

A

 Staphylococcus aureus

 Gram negative bacteria’s

39
Q

why are those that are intubated more at risk of pneumonia

A

Oral health is often not looked after in hospitals and this is a source of infection

40
Q

whats the main causative agent in bacterial pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae:

41
Q

why are encapsulated bacterias so good at escaping the immune system

A

The capsule covers antibody or C3b bound to the bacterial surface and it prevents contact between phagocyte receptor and opsonin – makes it difficult to phagocytose them
It also binds protein H (which is the target for C3b) for degradation and so this lessens the amount of C3b reaching bacterial surface and opsonizing the capsule

42
Q

how are bacterias clinically managed

A

through antibiotics
becta-lactames, erythromycin, quinolones
issues however w resistance

43
Q

how many different types of serotypes are there for vaccines

A

23

44
Q

what is done to make an efficacious vaccine

A

conjugation of polysaccharides and proteins

45
Q

how does toothbrushing help prevent hospital borne pneumonia

A

Toothbrushing can prevent hospital borne pneumonia
Patients who are intubated are more at risk as organisms can attach to the tube and this is an easy way for them to spread into the lungs and with the patients lying horizontal there is an aspiration pneumonia risk

46
Q

how do dentures lead to pneumonia risk

A

Dentures have the potential to harbor more microorganisms than the natural teeth if they are not cleaned and if patient wears them at night
Especially with patient lying flat there is an aspiration pneumonia risk

BDS2 BAMS Respiratory Tract (4 decks)

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