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BDS2 BAMS Respiratory Tract > Respiratory Drugs > Flashcards

Respiratory Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

how can respiratory drugs be administered

A

topically
inhalation
oral
intravenous

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2
Q

what are the two main classes of drugs used for ventilation that help improve airaway latency

A

bronchodilators

anti-inflammatory

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3
Q

what do bronchodilators do

A

these dilate the bronchioles, increasing the width of the airway and allowing for more airflow and the better you can ventilate your alveoli the better the gas exchange.

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4
Q

what are the bronchodilators

A

beta2 agonists

anticholinergic

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5
Q

what do the antiinflammatory drugs do

A

Inflammation causes the inner lining of the airway to swell and mucus to be produced making the airway more sensitive to asthma triggers.

Anti-inflammatory medicines help to stop this process and prevent asthma attacks.

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6
Q

what are the anti-inflammatory drugs

A

corticosteroids

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7
Q

how do we prevent mast cell degranulation

A

chromoglycate

leukotriene receptor antagonists

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8
Q

what drugs impair ventilation

A

beta blockers

respiratory depressants

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9
Q

what are the respiratory depressants

A

benzodiazepines

opioids

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10
Q

what do benzodiazepines do

A

these can make a person drowsy and so less keen to breathe

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11
Q

what do opioids do

A

these completely switch off respiratory drive in high doses

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12
Q

what are drugs used to improve gas exchange

A

Respiratory stimulates

oxygen

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13
Q

what is an example of a respiratory stimulant

A

• Theophyllines

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14
Q

what does theophylline do

A

these help in the problem of gas exchange as they tend to stimulate the respiratory drive which makes you ventilate more

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15
Q

when is oxygen prescribed

A

It is prescribed if it has a greater concentration in room temperature. The aim is increase the pressure gradient to try and improve gas exchange

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16
Q

what are the different types of inhaled drug delivery

A

Meter dose inhaler (MDI)
Breath activated devices include spinhaler or turbohaler.
Spacer devices

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17
Q

what is an MDI

A

this is a ‘puffer’. The drug is suspended in the air and the air gradually moves but as the air moves it slows down and the drug falls out of suspension

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18
Q

what is the problem with an MDI

A

The problem with this inhaler is that it produces a high velocity suspension so it does not make it all the way through the airway meaning that a lot of the powder which is sent out as an aerosol ends up settling in the mouth rather than inside the lungs. This can lead to oral fungus infections.

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19
Q

what are breathe activated devices

A

include spinhaler or turbohaler
These are activated by a click which opens a compartment of power and you breathe in causing the powder to be picked up by moving and is carried into the lungs which overcomes the issue of high velocity.

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20
Q

what do spacer devices do

A

Spacer devices take powder in an aerosol and hold the aerosol in a cannister until the patient is ready to suck it in. this takes away the issue of high velocity while also increasing the concentration

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21
Q

what do spacer devices improve

A

it improves drug delivery and uses a higher concentration of drug than with a puffer alone making it useful for small children and for acute asthma attacks.

22
Q

what are the 2 types of beta agonist

A

short acting

long acting

23
Q

what are short acting beta agonists

A

start working within a couple of minutes. Used for acute asthma attacks.

24
Q

what are the names of the short acting beta agonists

A

salbutamol

terbatuline

25
Q

what is the color of the salbutamol and terbutaline inhalers

A

blue

26
Q

what are the long acting beat agonists

A

salmeterol

27
Q

what color is salmeterol

A

green inhaler

28
Q

what are the routes of administration for the short acting beta agonists

A
  • Inhaled
  • Oral
  • Intravenous
29
Q

what are short acting beta agonists used to treat

A

acute bronchial constriction (acute asthma attacks)

30
Q

what are the long acting beta-agonists

A

They have a slow onset of around 1-2 hours

They last around 12-15 hours but you don’t need to use as often

31
Q

what is the route of administration for long acting beta agonists

A

inhalation

32
Q

what is the purpose of the long acting beta agonists

A

They are used to prevent acute bronchial constriction and they must always be used with an inhaled steroid

33
Q

what is the purpose of anticholinergic

A

They inhibit muscarinic nerve transmission in autonomic nerves
The also have an additive effect in bronchial dilation and reducing mucus secretion

34
Q

what is an example of an anticholinergic

A

ipratropium

35
Q

what color is ipratropium

A

grey

36
Q

what do corticosteroids do

A

They reduce inflammation in the bronchial walls- they are effective topically or systemically

37
Q

what are examples of corticosteroids

A
  • Beclomethasone (brown inhaler)
  • Budesonide (brown inhaler)
  • Fluticasone (orange inhaler)
  • Mometasone (pink inhaler)
38
Q

what color are beclometahsone and budesonide

A

brown

39
Q

what color is fluticasone

A

orange

40
Q

what color is mometasone

A

pink

41
Q

what should always be taken with long acting beta agonists and why

A

steroids

avoid sudden cardiac death

42
Q

what are compound preparations

A

where the inhaled steroid is prepared with the long acting B agonist in the same puffer

43
Q

what is an example of compound preparations

A

Seretide contains both fluticasone and salmeterol

44
Q

what is chromoglycate

A

drug that stops mast cells degranulating - help prevent asthma attacks.

Like inhaling sand

45
Q

what is an example of a leukotriene inhibitor

A

Montelukast

46
Q

what are montelukast

A

drugs that reduce inflammatory triggers within the airway walls. They inhibit specific inflammatory mediators meaning inflammation cannot proceed so they do not get oedema.

47
Q

what are theophylline

A

used less now. An issue with it was that every manufacturer’s version has a different bioavailability. Need to use the same brand every week otherwise the effect will change.

48
Q

how can oxygen be provided

A

through an oxygen concentrator or a cylinder.

49
Q

what does an oxygen concentrator do

A

removes nitrogen from air. Someone requiring oxygen for a longer period of time would go through too many cylinders so the oxygen concentrator is a good option for them if they do not require that high a concentration of oxygen

50
Q

what are mast cell stabisers

A

chromoglycate

BDS2 BAMS Respiratory Tract (4 decks)

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