Respiratory Tract Infections

Question 1

What is coryza?

Answer 1

Common cold - acute inflammation of nasal passages

Question 2

How does diphtheria present?

Answer 2

Sore throat, low fever and pseudomembrane on tonsils/pharynx/nasal cavity

Question 3

Describe acute epiglottitis

Answer 3

Inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis obstructs the vocal folds/trachea: life-threatening in children

Question 4

What are some symptoms of acute bronchitis?

Answer 4

Productive cough (with fever in minority)
Transient wheeze

Question 5

CXR and chest examinations are usually normal in acute bronchitis. True/False?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Are antibiotics indicated in acute bronchitis?

Answer 6

No, unless there is underlying (chronic) lung disease

Question 7

Abdominal pain is not a symptom of pneumonia. True/False?

Answer 7

False

It could well be

Question 8

What does CURB65 stand for? When is it used?

Answer 8

Confusion
Urea more than 7
Resp rate more than 30
BP less than 90/61
65 yrs old
Used to assess community-acquired pneumonia

Question 9

What is the commonest pathogenic cause of pneumonia?

Answer 9

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 10

What is special about legionella-acquired pneumonia?

Answer 10

Chest symptoms may be absent - usually more GI disturbance

Question 11

How does influenza present?

Answer 11

High fever of abrupt onset
Malaise and myalgia
Headache
Cough (initially dry and painful)

Question 12

Haemophilus influenzae is the primary cause of flu. True/False?

Answer 12

False

May be secondary invader

Question 13

Which influenza virus is present in pandemics?

Answer 13

Influenza A

Question 14

When are antivirals given for flu?

Answer 14

When patient is at risk of complications (such as pneumonia)

Question 15

Give examples of 2 antivirals

Answer 15

Oseltamavir

Zanamivir

Question 16

Which disease(s) arises due to Coxiella burnetti?

Answer 16

Pneumonia
Q fever
Endocarditis

Question 17

What is bronchiolitis? Who is mainly affected?

Answer 17

LRTI common in babies and young children

Similar symptoms to a cold

Question 18

Which virus is responsible for 90% of bronchiolitis?

Answer 18

RSV

Question 19

What is an abscess?

Answer 19

Local collection of pus

Question 20

Which 3 main types of virus cause coryza?

Answer 20

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses

Question 21

What is ottis media?

Answer 21

Sore ear

Question 22

How does sinusitis present?

Answer 22

Frontal headache, facial pain
Purulent rhinorrhoea
Fever

Question 23

What does xylometazoline do?

Answer 23

Nasal decongestant

Question 24

Which group of viruses most commonly cause pharyngitis?

Answer 24

Adenoviruses

Question 25

What is laryngotracheobronchitis? Who is it most severe in?

Answer 25

Inflammatory oedema that can affect vocal cords, usually following parainfluenza infection Most severe in kids under 3yrs

Question 26

How would acute epiglottitis be treated?

Answer 26

Urgent endotracheal intubation | IV antibiotics

Question 27

How quickly can influenza viruses incubate?

Answer 27

3 days

Question 28

H5N1 flu strain is passed from pigs. True/False?

Answer 28

False | H1N1 is in pigs

Question 29

Which flu strain is passed from birds to humans?

Answer 29

H5N1

Question 30

Which patients are at risk of acute bronchitis?

Answer 30

Bacterially infected | COPD

Question 31

Antibiotics would immediately be given to acute bronchitis patients. True/False?

Answer 31

False | Only given if underlying lung disease present

Question 32

Describe chest pain in pneumonia

Answer 32

Usually pleuritic

Question 33

Describe treatment for mild/moderate CAP

Answer 33

Amoxicillin IV for 7 days | Doxycycline if pen-allergic

Question 34

Describe treatment for severe CAP

Answer 34

Co-amoxiclav IV + Clarythromicin IV (Levofloxacin if pen-allergic) Step down to Doxycycline Total duration = 10 days

Question 35

Describe treatment for non-severe HAP

Answer 35

Amoxicillin + Metronidazole for 7 days

Question 36

Describe treatment for severe HAP

Answer 36

Amoxicillin + Metronidazole + Gentamicin for 10 days

Question 37

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 37

Abnormal fixed dilation of bronchi, resulting in inflammation and build-up of mucus

Question 38

What is the most common cause of bronchiectasis?

Answer 38

Cystic fibrosis

Question 39

What is halitosis?

Answer 39

Bad breath

Question 40

What happens clinically in bronchiectasis?

Answer 40

Recurrent bacterial infections | Productive cough

Question 41

Which antibiotic is given for mild bronchiectasis?

Answer 41

Cefaclor/Ciprofloxacin | Flucloxacillin if S. aureus

Question 42

Which antibiotic is given for persistent bronchiectasis?

Answer 42

Ceftazidime

Question 43

Erythema marginatum is present in sarcoidosis. True/False?

Answer 43

False | Erythema nodosum, not marginatum

Question 44

What happens to calcium and ACE levels in sarcoidosis?

Answer 44

They are raised

Question 45

What is Wegener's Granulomatosis?

Answer 45

Granulomatous disease affecting small arteries | Severe rhinorrhea with ulcers ensue

Question 46

What is Churg-Strauss Syndrome?

Answer 46

Eosinophilic infilatration causing vasculitis of small arteries and veins

Question 47

A history of rhinitis and asthma is typical in C-S syndrome. True/False?

Answer 47

True

Question 48

C-S syndrome produces ANCA +ve test result. True/False?

Answer 48

True

Question 49

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 49

Autosomal recessive disorder in which there is a defect in the CFTR gene of chromosome 7

Question 50

List some symptoms of CF

Answer 50

``` Thick sputum Recurrent infections Malabsorption Steatorrhoea Abnormal teenage milestones ```