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Respiratory > Respiratory Tract infection > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract infection Flashcards

1
Q

Give four upper respiratory tract infections?

A
  1. Coryza
  2. Pharyngitis
  3. Sinusitis
  4. Epiglottits
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2
Q

What is the term for the common cold?

A

Coryza

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3
Q

Give four lower respiratory tract infections

A
  1. Acute bronchitis
  2. Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
  3. Pneumonia
  4. Influenza
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4
Q

Give three viruses that cause the common cold

A
  1. Adenovirus
  2. Rhinovirus
  3. Respiratory syncytial virus
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5
Q

How is infection from the common cold physically spread?

A
  • Droplets- small moisture particles

- Formites- object or materials than can carry infection (hospital blanket)

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6
Q

Complications of coryza may include what?

A
  • Sinusitis

- Acute bronchitis

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7
Q

What does acute sinusitis entail?

A
  • nasal discharge

- usually infection into the ethmoid sinuses which can spread to the eyes or brain

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8
Q

What is diphtheria?

A

Usually caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae
This bacterium can be spread via droplets or physical contact
Some strains can release toxin which can cause obstruction of the airways
The condition is vaccinated against in the UK

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9
Q

In which age demographic is acute epiglottitis most dangerous?

A

Young children

The key symptom is trolling- the child cannot swallow property

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10
Q

What are the main clinical features of acute bronchitis?

A
  • Productive cough- mucous build-up in bronchi
  • Fever
  • Normal CXR
  • Normal chest exam
  • Transient wheeze
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11
Q

What are the three main symptoms of COPD?

A
  1. Chronic sputum production
  2. Bronchoconstriction
  3. Inflammation of airways
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12
Q

Give four clinical features of COPD

A
  1. Increased sputum production
  2. Increased sputum purulence (contains pus)
  3. More wheezy
  4. Breathless
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13
Q

What may be found on a COPD physical examination?

A
  • Wheeze
  • Coarse crackles
  • Potential cyanosis
  • Ankle oedema
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14
Q

How can COPD be managed in primary care?

A
  • Antibiotics (doxycycline or amoxicillin)
  • Bronchodilator inhalers
  • Short course of steroids to reduce inflammation
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15
Q

In which two instances would a COPD patient be referred to hospital?

A
  • Evidence of respiratory failure

- Acopia- unable to cope at home alone

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16
Q

How is management of COPD different in hospital versus primary care?

A
  • Arterial blood gases are taken
  • CXR
  • Oxygen is given in the instance of respiratory failure
17
Q

Give 6 symptoms of pneumonia

A
  1. Malaise
  2. Anorexia
  3. Sweats
  4. Rigors- cold/shivering despite temperature rise
  5. Myalgia- muscle pain
  6. Arthralgia- joint pain
  7. Headache
  8. Confusion- determine with CURB65
  9. Cough
  10. Haemoptysis
  11. Dyspnoea
  12. Pleurisy
  13. Preceding URTI
  14. Abdominal pain
  15. Diarrhoea
18
Q

What are some signs of pneumonia?

A
  • Fever
  • Rigors
  • Herpes Iabialis
  • Tachypnoea
  • Crackles
  • Rub
  • Cyanosis
  • Hypotension
19
Q

How can pneumonia be investigated?

A
  • Blood culture
  • Serology (blood and sputum)
  • Arterial gases
  • Full blood count
  • Urea
  • Liver function
  • CXR
20
Q

Describe the CURB65 severity score

A

Each of the criteria below amount for one point
As the score increases, mortality increases
If COPD is also present, mortality is increased by 10%
- C- new onset of confusion
- U- urea >7mmol/l
- R- respiratory rate >30/min
- B- blood pressure systolic <90 or diastolic <61
- 65 - aged 65+

21
Q

What is likely to cause death in a patient with pneumonia?

A

Bacteraemia and sepsis

22
Q

What are severity markers for pneumonia besides the CURB65 score?

A

Temperature <35 or >40
Cyanosis Pa)2< 8kPa
WBC<4 or >30
Multi-lobar involvement

23
Q

Which pathogens may be involved in pneumonia?

A
  • streptococcus pneumonia
  • haemophilus influenzae
  • staph aureus
  • legionella pneumophilia
  • gram negative bacteria
  • mycoplasma pneumonia
24
Q

What are some complications of pneumonia?

A
  • Respiratory failure
  • Pleural effusion
  • Empyema
  • Death
25
Q

If pneumonia is classified based on location of infection, what are the three categories?

A
  • Community acquired
  • Hospital acquired
  • Aspiration
26
Q

What is the most common bacterial pneumonia?

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia

caused by streptococcus pneumonia

Respiratory (12 decks)

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