Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory: Patient History, etc > Respiratory Tract Infection > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Infection Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

What conditions affect the upper respiratory tract?

A

* Common cold – coryza * Sore throat – Pharyngitis * Sinusitis * Epiglottitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the upper RT?

A

Above the vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What conditions affect the lower respiratory tract?

A

* Acute bronchitis * Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis * Pneumonia * Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is coryza?

A

Common cold - acute viral infection of the nasal passages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are symptoms of coryza?

A

* Sore throat * Sometimes a mild fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is coryza spread?

A

Spread by droplets and fomites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are complications of coryza?

A

* Sinusitis * Acute bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can you avoid over-treating a patient for common cold (mistaking for influenza A, B etc), etc?

A

Identifying pathogens via viral throat swab (red-topped tube), followed by PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a red-topped tube used for?

A

Contains viral material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of strep throat?

A

* Exudate * Pus * Sore throat * Dysphagia * Dysphonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are symptoms of tonsillitis?

A

* Swollen tonsils * Erythematous * Dysphagia * Dysphonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do you only suffer from tonsillitis once?

A

No, reccurent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a possible treatment for tonsillitis?

A

Tonsilectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Quinsy?

A

A complication of tonsillitis - tonsilar abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the treatment for Quinsy?

A

Can be drained (risk of cutting internal carotid artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is tonsillitis as dangerous as Quinsy?

A

No, Quinsy much more dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

Swelling of epiglottis - can block airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the treatment for epiglottitis?

A

* Intubation by anaesthetist * Antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What viruses are responsible for coryza?

A

* Adenovirus * Rhinovirus * Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is there treatment for coryza (common cold)?

A

No, self-limiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes acute sinusitis?

A

Preceded by a common cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are symptoms of sinusitis?

A

* Frontal headache * Retro-oribital pain * Maxilliary sinus pain * Tooth ache * Nasal discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the treatment for sinusitis?

A

* Usually self limited * Resolves in 10 days * Some need antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why can sinusitis be dangerous?

A

Lymphatic drainage of face goes to brain, can spread to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is diphtheria?

A

Life threatening condition due to toxin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is diphtheria not common today?

A

Eradicated by vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are characteristics that make diphtheria so dangerous?

A

* Toxin production * Pseudo membrane can block airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What causes acute bronchitis?

A

Preceded by common cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are clinical features of acute bronchitis?

A

* Productive cough * Fever – minority of cases * Normal chest examination * Normal chest X-ray * May have a transient wheeze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the treatment for acute bronchitis?

A

* Usually self limiting in normal people * Antibiotics are NOT indicated for normal people * Can lead to significant morbidity in patients with chronic lung disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why is acute bronchitis dangerous for people with chronic lung disease?

A

Can lead to significant morbidity

32
Q

What is the incubation time (time for virus to manifest) of rhinoviruses?

A

1-5 days

33
Q

What is the incubation time (time for virus to manifest) of Group A streptococci?

A

1-5 days

34
Q

What is the incubation time (time for virus to manifest) of influenza and parainfluenza viruses, RSV, Pertussis, Diptheria and Epstein-Barr virus?

A

* Influenza and parainfluenza viruses: 1-4 days * RSV: 7 days * Pertussis: 7-21 days * Diphtheria: 1-10 days * Epstein-Barr virus: 4-6 weeks

35
Q

What are clinical signs of COPD?

A

* Respiratory Distress * Wheeze * Coarse crackles * May be cyanosed * In advanced disease – ankle oedema

36
Q

What can cause acute exacerbation of COPD?

A

May be preceded by upper respiratory tract infection

37
Q

What are symptoms of acute COPD exacerbation?

A

* Increased sputum production * Increased sputum purulence * More wheezy * Breathless

38
Q

How is acute exacerbation of COPD managed in primary care?

A

* Antibiotic. e.g. doxycycline or amoxicillin * Bronchodilator inhalers * Short course of steroids in some cases

39
Q

When is a patient with acute exacerbation of COPD referred to hospital?

A

* Evidence of respiratory failure * Not coping at home (acopia)

40
Q

How is COPD managed in hospital?

A

* Same treatment received in primary care And * Measure arterial blood gases * CXR to look for other diseases * Give oxygen if has respiratory failure

41
Q

How is COPD managed in hospital?

A

* Same treatment received in primary care And * Measure arterial blood gases * CXR to look for other diseases * Give oxygen if has respiratory failure

42
Q

What is the mortality risk of pneumonia?

A

* 5-10% mortality from pneumococcal pneumonia * 30% if bacteraemic

43
Q

What condition can be identified from this CXR? (pic)

A

Right upper lobe pneumonia

44
Q

Why is pneumonia so significant?

A

Commonest cause of death in people under 50

45
Q

What condition can be identified from this CXR? (pic)

A

Middle lobe pneumonia

46
Q

Why is consolidation of the lung due to pneumonia called red hepatisation?

A

Resemblance to the liver rather than lung tissue

47
Q

What is the histology of a lung infected with pneumonia?

A

Complete filling of alveolar spaces with inflammatory cells

48
Q

What are symptoms of pneumonia?

A

* Malaise
* Anorexia
* Sweats
* Rigors
* Myalgia
* Arthralgia
* Headache
* Confusion
* Cough (sputum)
* Pleurisy
* Haemoptysis
* Dyspnoea
* Preceding URTI
* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhoea

49
Q

What are clinical signs of pneumonia?

A

* Fever
* Rigors
* Herpes labialis
* Tachypnoea
* Crackles
* Rub
* Cyanosis
* Hypotension

50
Q

Why is reactivation of herpes simplex virus common in pneumonia?

A

Due to alteration in the immune system

51
Q

What techniques are used to investigate pneumonia?

A

* Blood culture
* Serology
* Arterial gases
* Full blood count
* Urea
* Liver function
* Chest X-ray

52
Q

What is used to stage the severity of community acquired pneumonia?

A

CURB65 severity score

53
Q

What is the CURB65 severity score?

A

Used to grade severity of community acquired pneumonia
C - New onset of confusion
U - Urea >7
R - Respiratory rate >30/min
B - Blood pressure, systolic <90 OR diastolic <61
65 - age 65 years or older (score 1 point for each of the above)

54
Q

Describe the relationship between mortality and CURB65 score

A

Mortality increases as CURB65 Increases

55
Q

What percentage mortality is suggested by 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 CURB65 score?

A

* 0 - 0.6%
* 1 - 2.7%
* 2 - 6.8%
* 3 - 14.0%
* 4 - 27.8%
* 5 - 27.8%

56
Q

What percentage mortality is suggested by 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 CURB65 score for a COPD patient?

A

0 - 10.6%
1 - 12.7%
2 - 16.8%
3 - 24.0%
4 - 37.8%
5 - 37.8% (10% increase mortality for COPD patients)

57
Q

What are the CURB65 mortality rates based on?

A

Development of sepsis (what ultimately kills people)

58
Q

What are other severity markers for pneumonia (other than CURB65)?

A

Temperature < 35 or > 40
Cyanosis
PaO2 < 8 kPa
WBC < 4 or > 30
Multi-lobar involvement

59
Q

What is used to treat community acquired pneumonia?

A

* Antibiotics (amoxicillin, doxycycline) * Oxygen * Fluids * Bed rest * Smoking cessation

60
Q

What is the main pathogen involved in hospital contraction of pneumonia?

A

Steptococcus pneumoniae

61
Q

What increases the risk of psittacosis?

A

Keeping birds

62
Q

What diseases can mycoplasma bacteria cause?

A

* Arthritis
* Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
* Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
* Hepatitis
* Pneumonia

63
Q

What are the characteristics of mycoplasma bacterium?

A

* No cell wall – resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics
* Causes protracted paroxysmal cough
* Cillial dysfunction
* H2O2 producuction damages repsiraotry membranes

64
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat community acquired pneumonia?

A

* Amoxicillin
* Doxycycline

65
Q

How is the organism responsible for pneumonia predicted?

A

* Young vs old - young people tend to get mycoplasma, old people tend to get simpler things
* Severity
* Immuno-competent vs immuno-compromised

66
Q

Why do young people tend to recover better from pneumonia than older people?

A

* C - Good cerebral vasculature
* U - Good kidneys
* R - Can increase VT (tital volume)
* B - Inotropic, chronotropic and vascular responses
* 65 – cant be

67
Q

What is the problem with CURB65 score for young people?

A

CURB65 score massively underestimates severity of pneumonia in young peeople

68
Q

What is the problem with CURB65 score for old people?

A

CURB65 score can overestimate severity of pneumonia in old people

69
Q

When are IV antibiotics used to treat pneumonia?

A

IV antibiotics when:-
* Oral route not availible
* Drug resistant organisms
* Deep seated infections – abscesses, endocarditis

70
Q

What are complications of pneumonia?

A

* Respiratory failure * Pleural effusion * Empyema * Death

71
Q

What is empyema?

A

Collection of pus in the pleural cavity caused by microorganisms, usually bacteria

72
Q

What are lifestyle risks associated with respiratory disease?

A

* PWID (injecting drugs) – staph aureus
* Alcohol/homelessness – TB, klebsiella
*Frequently hospitalised - pseudomonas
* Returning traveller – legionalla, TB
* Indian sub-continent – TB
* Eastern Europe – MDR TB (XDR TB)

73
Q

What are special cases of pneumonia?

A

* Hospital acquired- need extended gram negative cover
* Aspiration pneumonia - need anaerobic cover
* Legionella

74
Q

What is legionella?

A

A severe form of pneumonia

75
Q

What are the symptoms of legionella?

A

* Chest symptoms may be minimal
* GI disturbance is common
* Confusion common

76
Q

How is pneumonia prevented?

A

Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines

77
Q

Who are given influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in order to prevent pneumonia?

A

* Over 65
* Chronic chest or cardiac disease
* Diabetes
* Immunocompromised

Respiratory: Patient History, etc (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions