Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory: Patient History, etc > Pulmonary Neoplasia > Flashcards

Pulmonary Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are types of lung neoplasms?

A
  • Primary

* Metastatic - secondary tumours (very common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 types of primary lung neoplasm?

A
  • Benign (rare)

* Malignant (very common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How have lung cancer rates changed in males and females?

A
  • Male incidence down 15%

* Female incidence up 13%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the mortality of lung cancer?

A

90% mortality after 1 year diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What carcinogens are present in tobacco smoke?

A
  • polycyclic hydrocarbons
  • aromatic amines
  • phenols
  • nickel
  • cyanates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is there a significant link between smoking and lung cancer?

A
  • 20% of smokers die of lung cancer

* Also suffer laryngeal, cervical, bladder, mouth, oesophageal and colon cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are other risk factor for lung cancer?

A
  • Asbestos
  • nickel
  • chromates
  • radiation
  • atmospheric pollution
  • genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are local effects of lung cancer?

A
  • obstruction of airway (pneumonia)
  • invasion of chest wall (pain)
  • ulceration (haemoptysis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where can lung cancer metastasise?

A
  • lymph nodes (mass in the neck or axilla)
  • bones (pathological fracture)
  • liver (jaundice, liver failure)
  • brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are systemic effects of lung cancer?

A
  • Weight loss

* ‘ectopic’ hormone production - PTH (squamous cancer), ACTH (small cell cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Are lung tumours homogenous?

A

No, very heterogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 4 types of lung cancer associated with smoking?

A
  • adenocarcinoma (35%)
  • squamous carcinoma (30%)
  • small cell carcinoma (25%)
  • large cell carcinoma (10%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How common is lung cancer?

A

Most common after skin cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the single commonest brain malignancy?

A

Metastases from lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are ectopic hormones?

A

Hormones that are not native to the hormone in which they arise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are examples of ectopic hormones produced by lung cancer?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - squamous cancer

* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - small cell cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 2 categories of lung cancer tumours?

A
  • Neuroendocrine tumours

* Bronchial gland tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most common type of lung cancer?

A

Adenocarcima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What percentage of those diagnosed with adenocarcinoma are non-smokers?

A

Approximately 25%

20
Q

In what ways can lung cancer be diagnosed histologically?

A
  • Bronchoscopy and biopsy of the tumour if seen
  • Biopsy or needle aspiration of metastases (especially mediastinal or supraclavicular lymph nodes)
  • Endobronchial ultrasound guided specimens (EBUS)
21
Q

What does the classification of lung cancer influence?

A
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment
    Pathogenesis/biology
    Epidemiology
22
Q

What is the main feature of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Keratin formation

23
Q

What are features of adenocarcinoma?

A
  • Gland formation

* Mucous production

24
Q

What is the prognosis of small cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma?

A
  • Small cell worst - all dead in one year

* Large cell – worse than squamous or adenocarcinoma

25
Q

List adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma and small cell carcinoma in order of severity

A
  • Small cell carcinoma - lowest survival time
  • Undifferentiated carcinoma
  • Squamous carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma - highest survival time
26
Q

What is the most simple classification of lung cancer?

A
  • Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
    or
  • Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
27
Q

What is the treatment for lung cancer?

A
  • Small cell known to be chemosensitive but with rapidly emerging resistance
  • Surgery
  • New “targeted” treatments based on pathologically identified abnormal DNA or other markers in tumour
28
Q

What are new developments in chemotherapy for lung cancer?

A

Differing NSCLC regimens for squamous cell and adenocarcinoma (e.g. pemetrexed contraindicated in squamous carcinoma)
But there is often real difficulty in subtyping tumours on small biopsies
Immunohistochemistry can help

29
Q

What are new developments in chemotherapy for lung cancer?

A
  • Differing NSCLC regimens for squamous cell and adenocarcinoma (e.g. pemetrexed contraindicated in squamous carcinoma)
30
Q

What can be used to overcome difficulties in sub typing tumours via biopsies?

A

Immunohistochemistry

31
Q

What are examples of targets for immunohistorchemistry in lung cancer?

A
  • Adenocarcinoma expresses TTF (thyroid transcription factor) 1
  • SCC expresses nuclear antigen p63 and high molecular wt. cytokeratins
32
Q

What are potential therapeutic targets for SCLC?

A
  • Oncogenes - myc

* Tumour suppressor genes - p53, Rb, 3p

33
Q

What are potential therapeutic targets for NSCLC?

A
  • Oncogenes - myc, K-ras, her2

* Tumour suppressor genes - p53, 1q, 3p, 9p, 11p, Rb

34
Q

What is the normal pathway of epithelium growth factor signalling in lung epithelium?

A

MAPK/ERK pathway

35
Q

How can lung cancer affect the normal pathway of epithelium growth factor signalling in lung epithelium?

A
  • EGFR over-expression
  • RAS mutation
  • BRAF mutation
36
Q

What type of cancer does EGFR gene mutation/over-expression result in?

A

Adenocarcinoma (especially in non-smokers and Asian populations)

37
Q

What are targeted treatments for the molecular pathology of lung cancer?

A
  • Tumours caused by point mutations in EGFR gene respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (erlotinib)
  • EML4-ALK fusion oncogene is also a target for specific drug treatment (crizotinib)
38
Q

What is the significance of tumour cells expressing PD-L1?

A
  • PD-L1 binds to the PD (programmed death) receptor on T lymphocytes inactivating the cytotoxic immune response
  • Targeted therapy can inhibit this effect and enhance immune killing of tumour
39
Q

What are the stages of progression to cancer in bronchial (large airway) tumours?

A
  • Squamous metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Carcinoma in situ
  • Invasive malignancy
40
Q

What are the stages of progression to cancer in peripheral adenocarcinomas of the lung tissue?

A
  • Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
  • Spread of neoplastic cells along alveolar walls (bronchioloalveolar carcinoma)
  • True invasive adenocarcinoma
41
Q

What are the prognostic indicators in lung cancer?

A
  • Tumour stage

* Tumour histological subtype

42
Q

How are tumours staged?

A

TNM

  • T - size of primary tumour
  • N - lymph nodes affected
  • M - metastasis (spread of secondary tumours)
43
Q

What is a carcinoid?

A

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of low grade malignancy in the lungs

44
Q

What are examples of bronchial gland neoplasms found in the lungs?

A
  • Adenoid cystic carcinoma
  • Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

(Very rare, tumours more often seen in salivary glands)

45
Q

Are pleural neoplasms often benign?

A

No, benign tumours are very rare

46
Q

What is the primary malignant pleural neoplasm?

A

Mesothelioma

Respiratory: Patient History, etc (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions