Respiratory Tract Flashcards
What’s Nasopharynx?
Where does it start and end?
Upper part of the pharynx.
Starts: behind the nose;
ends: above the soft palate.
What’s Rhinitis(რინიტი)?
Cause?
Symptoms?
Rhinitis-inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
Most common cause-Rhinovirus.
სიმპტომები-stuffy(გაჭედილი)/runny nose, sneezing, itching, sometimes reduced sense of smell.
What’s type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Which Ig is important?
Immediate/allergic reaction. Immune system overreacts to a harmless substance, as if it was a serious threat.
IgE antibodies play key role in allergies.
What’s inflammatory infiltrate?
Presence of immune cells that have moved into tissue in response to harmful stimuli.
რისი კლასიკური მაგალითია ალერგიული რინიტი(Allergic Rhinitis)?
Type I hypersensitivity reaction.
ალერგიული რინიტი:
რით ხასიათდება?
რასთან არის ასოცირებული?
ხასიათდება-ანთებითი ინფილტრატით, სადაც გვხვდება ეოზინოფილები.
ასოცირებულია-ასთმასა და ეგზემასთან.
What’s Protrusion of Edematous?
Swollen and fluid-filled tissue bulging into the nasal cavity.
What’s Angiofibroma?
Composition?
Age?
Common symptom?
Benign tumor of nasal cavity.
Fibrous(ბოჭკოვანი)tissue and blood vessels(highly vascular).
Adolescent males.
Profuse epistaxis.
What’s Nasopharyngeal(ნაზოფარინგეალური) Carcinoma?
Which virus is it associated with?
Most common in populations?
Malignant tumor of nasopharyngeal epithelium.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
Classically seen: African children&Chinese adults.
რისი hallmark არის პლეომორფიზმი?
Malignancy
Where do we have keratin?
What does keratin-positive mean?
In epithelial tissues: skin, mucosa, glands.
Tumor cells(in biopsy sample) stain when there’s keratin and that confirms that the tumor arises from epithelial tissue.
What’s epiglottis?
Small, cartilage structure in throat. Crucial role while swallowing, protects trachea and ensures that food/liquid don’t enter the airways.
What’s Epiglottitis?
Most common cause?
Inflammation of epiglottis.
Haemophilus influenzae type B(esp. nonimmunized children).
What’s Inspiratory stridor?
Cause?
High-pitched whistling sound while inspiration, caused by narrowing/obstruction of upper respiratory airways.
Symptoms of Acute epiglottitis?
High fever; sore throat; drooling with dysphagia; muffled voice; inspiratory stridor; risk of airway obstruction.
What’s LaryngoTracheoBronchitis?
Cause?
Symptoms?
Inflammation of upper airway.
Parainfluenza virus.
Hoarse/“barking” cough and inspiratory stridor.
What’s Vocal cord Nodule?
Where does it develop from?
Cause?
Mostly which side?
Benign growth.
Develops on vocal cords.
Prolonged vocal strain.
Usually Bilateral (both sides).
What does vocals Cord Nodule consist of?
Symptoms?
How is it solved?
Degenerative connective tissue.
Hoarseness.
Resting of voice.
What’s Laryngeal Papilloma?
Cause?
Difference in adults and children?
Symptom?
Benign papillary tumor of vocal cords.
HPV 6 and 11.
Papillomas usually are single in adults and multiple in children.
Hoarseness.
What’s Laryngeal Carcinoma?
Risk factors?
Rarely arises from which disease?
Symptoms?
Squamous cell carcinoma, arises from epithelial lining of vocal cord.
Alcohol and tobacco.
Laryngeal papilloma.
Hoarseness, cough and stridor.
What’s lung parenchyma?
Function?
What does it contain?
Functional tissue inside the lungs.
Directly involved in gas exchange.
Alveoli, bronchiole, surrounding capillaries and connective tissue.
What’s mucociliary escalator?
What does it do?
A defense mechanism in respiratory system. It keeps airways clear of mucus, dirt, pathogens… It relies on mucus production and cilia movement.
Mucociliary escalator work mechanism?
1.trap particles in mucus(virus, bacteria,dust… that enters through mouth or nose).
2.cilia movement-wave-like motion that pushes mucous(with pathogens) upward, towards throat.
3.removal from airway-once mucous reaches throat, it can be: swallowed, coughed or sneezed out.
What’s Goblet cells?
They are in airway lining, secrete mucous, that forms sticky layer on the surface of the airways.
What’s Cilia?
Tiny, hair-like structures in the cells lining the airways. Has wave-like motion that pushed mucous with trapped particles upward.
What’s pneumonia?
Reason it occurs?
Infection of lung parenchyma.
When normal defenses(e.g.mucociliary escalator) are impaired or organism is highly virulent.
Clinical features of pneumonia?
Fever, chills, cough with yellow-green pus or rusty(bloody) sputum, tachypnea with pleuritic chest pain, decreased breath sounds, crackles, dullness to percussion, elevated WBC(white blood cells).
