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PHAR 303 (toxicology) > Respiratory toxicology > Flashcards

Respiratory toxicology Flashcards

final exam

1
Q

sources of air pollution

A
  • natural (volcanoes, wildfires)
  • manufactured (fossil fuels from cars, airplanes, factories, generating electricity)
  • diesel is particularly bad
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2
Q

why is diesel exhaust bad for the environment? what effect does it have?

A
  • produces ultrafine particles, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, sulfur oxides, and formaldehydes
  • ultrafine particles very dangerous since can be inhaled and go straight into circulation
  • effects are potentiated by ozone since they interact
  • causes: inflammation and airway cytotoxicity
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3
Q

most vulnerable population to air pollution

A

babies since protective airway mechanisms not fully developed

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4
Q

which systems can air pollution affect? what are some diseases that it can cause?

A
  • respiratory, cardiovascular, brain, kidney
  • ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lung cancer, COPD, other infection
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5
Q

where is death due to air pollution highest?

A

Asia and Africa (but also exists in Montreal)

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6
Q

tissue layers in bronchus

A

epithelial layer, muscle layer, cartilage layer

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7
Q

defense mechanism in bronchus

A
  • goblet cells release mucous: trap contaminants and prevent them from moving further down
  • epithelial cells have cilia on luminal surface: they beat upwards to clear airways
  • these work together and makeup the mucociliary escalator
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8
Q

defense mechanism in bronchioles

A

Clara cells that have high concentration of CYP450s that metabolize pollutants

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9
Q

defense mechanism in the alveolus (and other parts)

A

alveolar phagocytes (macrophages) that patrol lungs and when they consumed pollutants, it goes up by mucociliary escalator, where they are swallowed and deposited into GI

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10
Q

biggest source of smog

A

automobile exhaust

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11
Q

what is smog, how is it formed?

A
  • combination of smoke and fog
  • formed from the photochemical reaction combustion smoke in the air (due to light-dependence of reaction, more smog in summer)
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12
Q

smog is a risk factor for which populations?

A
  • children (playing outside)
  • adults (working/or just outside)
  • people with respiratory diseases
  • particularly sensitive individuals
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13
Q

components of smog

A
  • ozone
  • particulate matter
  • nitrogen oxides
  • sulfur oxides
  • sulfur dioxide
  • nitrogen dioxide
  • carbon monoxide
  • lead
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14
Q

how is ground-level ozone produced?

A

reaction of a radical oxygen atom with dioxygen molecule
release of radical oxygen atom from nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere is powered by sunlight (so highest in the summer)

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15
Q

is group-level and upper level ozone the same?

A

no, they are different (the upper level is located in stratosphere and protects earth from damaging effects of UV rays from sun)

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16
Q

mechanism by which ozone acts

A

injury to epithelium which then triggers cytokine release and inflammation

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17
Q

adverse effects of ozone

A

lung damage:
- epithelial cell injury
- irritate throat and nose
- increase vulnerability to infections and diseases (damage epithelium and damage protective mechanisms)
- risk of developing emphysema
- increased inflammation and edema
- can exacerbate chronic conditions
- bronchopneumonia
eye irritation
free radical production

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18
Q

sources of particulate matter

A
  • natural: dust storms
  • unnatural: human activities such as smoking
19
Q

what does particulate matter contain?

A

sulphates, nitrates, organic C, elemental C, salt, soil

20
Q

classes of particulate matter

A
  • course (2.5-10 um)
  • fine (<2.5 um)
  • ultrafine (<0.1 um)
21
Q

where does course and fine particulate matter come from?

A

course: traffic and construction
fine: soil dust, coal burning, biomass burning, industrial emission

22
Q

fate of course and fine particulate matter in the body

A
  • course: tend to get stuck on larger airways and removed by mucociliary clearance or macrophages
  • fine: penetrate deeper and can enter circulation
23
Q

mortality due to particulate matter is directly proportional to ____

A

concentration of fine and ultrafine particles

24
Q

effects of fine and ultrafine particles in the body

A
  • cause cancer, bronchitis, cardio diseases
  • worsen: asthma, COPD, lung diseases/cancer
  • cause inflammation by activating T cells and cytokines
  • can reach nervous system: inflammation, neuronal damage (neurons and microglia), damage BBB, cognitive development, maybe neurodegenerative diseases
  • DNA damage
25
Q

effect of nitrogen and sulphur oxides

A

react with other components to make nitric and sulfuric acid (acid rain)

26
Q

effect of acid rain

A
  • affect soil pH, make agriculture difficult
  • corrosive, damages outdoor historical monuments and sites
27
Q

how is sulfur dioxide produced? what is it?

A

by coal; water-soluble irritant gas

28
Q

effect of sulfur dioxide

A
  • triggers airway nociceptors
  • absorbed in upper airways: cause bronchoconstriction (cell injury) and mucous secretion (proliferation of goblet cells)
  • can cause acute or chronic bronchitis
29
Q

where does nitrogen dioxide come from?

A

gas heaters, stoves, smog, side stream of tobacco smoke

30
Q

effect of nitrogen dioxide

A

similar to ozone

31
Q

effect of carbon monoxide

A

affects circulation by forming carboxyhemoglobin

32
Q

geographical contributions of smog

A
  • human activities
  • features of the land
  • seasons
33
Q

how do human activities contribute to smog

A

high density of people, transportation, and industry (so between Canada-US border and big cities)

34
Q

how do features of the land contribute to smog formation?

A
  • high mountains (e.g. Rockies) can block wind currents, permitting the air at ground level to be cooler, creating temperature inversion
  • so pollutants become concentrated at ground-level
35
Q

how do seasons contribute to smog formation?

A

temperature inversion can occur (also in winter)
- normally pollutants go up with the warm air until it reaches colder air (a lot higher than what we face)
- in winter, cold air is below warm air, so pollutants trapped on ground level

36
Q

what are some indoor air pollutants?

A
  • pathogenic microorganisms (mold, bacteria, viruses)
  • allergic microorganisms
  • respirable particles (smoke, dust, pet hairs, dust mites)
  • volatile organic compounds (formaldehyde, cooking products hair sprays, pesticides)
  • radon
37
Q

sources of indoor pollution

A
  • indoor smoke from cooking (India/Africa)
  • external pollution getting in windows
  • wood-burning fireplaces
  • cleaning agents
  • gas stoves
  • smoking
  • Mold
38
Q

How can risk assessment for air pollution be done?

A
  • epidemiology testing
  • clinical studies
  • laboratory tests in animals and plants
  • lung function tests on people that have been exposed to something
39
Q

when doing risk assessment of pollutants, what are things we want to know/find out?

A
  • differences between intermittent exposure and chronic exposure
  • impacts on other species
  • different pollutant-pollutant interactions and their mechanisms of interaction
  • whether tolerance develops from long-term exposure
40
Q

how did air pollution change during COVID?

A

decreases due to decreased traffic

41
Q

is wildfire smoke more or less harmful than air pollution?

A

10x more harmful

42
Q

effect of wildfire smoke

A

induces ACE2 expression in lung alveoli and capillaries

43
Q

what are characteristics of COPD

A
  • spasm of airways
  • inflammation
  • mucous production
44
Q

effect of vapes

A
  • indoor air pollution
  • acute endothelial damage
  • oxidative stress
  • DNA damage
  • induce release of inflammatory mediators
  • and effects of nicotine like cigarettes

PHAR 303 (toxicology) (14 decks)

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