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PHAR 303 (toxicology) > Intro/Assessment of exposure > Flashcards

Intro/Assessment of exposure Flashcards

1
Q

what is toxicology?

A

The study of the adverse effects of xenobiotics on biological and ecological
systems

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2
Q

what is a xenobiotic?

A

any substance that is foreign to a biological system

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3
Q

what is a toxicant?

A

a chemical produced by humans, after introduction into the environment produces harmful effects

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4
Q

what is a toxin?

A

a harmful substance produced within a cell or an organism

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5
Q

what are the similarities of toxicology and pharmacology?

A
  • actions of molecules
  • require understanding of physiology, anatomy, chemistry, molecular biology
  • Pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics
  • Dose matters
  • Patient-specific effects
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6
Q

what are the differences between toxicology and pharmacology?

A
  • Undesired vs. desired effects
  • Actions of poisons / toxins that would not be used as therapeutic agents
  • Effects of chemicals on the environment
  • Number of molecules ++ in toxicology
  • Physical exposure is important in toxicology (e.g., sound)
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7
Q

what phrase/idea did Paracelsus coin?

A

concept of the dose response relationship (the dose makes the poison)

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8
Q

what is a toxicon?

A

is a chemical entity and not a mixture

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9
Q

what is a hazard?

A

something that has a potential of harming you

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10
Q

what is a risk?

A
  • the likelihood of a hazard causing harm
  • risk = Hazard x exposure
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11
Q

What parameters make up total exposure?

A

Exposure = intensity (how much) x frequency (how often) x duration (how long)

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12
Q

what is the exposure pathway?

A

The route a substance takes from its source (where it began) to its endpoint (where it ends), and how people can come into contact with (or be exposed to)

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13
Q

what are the 5 parts of the exposure pathway?

A
  1. A source of exposure
  2. An environmental media and transport mechanism
  3. A point of exposure
  4. A route of exposure
  5. A receptor population
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14
Q

what are the levels/types of exposure data from best to worst?

A
  1. Quantitative personal dosimeter measurements
  2. Quantitative ambient measurements in vicinity of residence or activity
  3. Quantitative surrogates of exposure, e.g., estimates of drinking water
  4. Residence or employment in proximity of source of exposure
  5. Residence or employment in general geographic area, e.g., county, of source of exposure
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15
Q

What challenges might we face in “measuring” exposure (i.e. obtaining exposure data)?

A
  • factors influencing biodistribution (for measuring living beings)
  • some activity patterns might be different
  • mixtures
  • homogeneous vs heterogeneous
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16
Q

what are the steps to get the data?

A
  1. sample
  2. measure
  3. evaluate
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17
Q

How long should you sample? what does it depend on?

A

Minimum time needed to obtain sufficient amount for lab analysis
- Sensitivity of analytical procedure
- Dependent on contaminant concentration

18
Q

when sampling air, what are we testing for?

A

Pollutants:
- from fuel combustion
- industrial processes
- solid waste disposal
- Explosions and fires
- pesticide drift
Particulate – in an aerosol or suspension

19
Q

Lungs trap particles of what size?

A

0.5-5.0 μm in size

20
Q

How do you sample air? which method is better for volatile and non-volatile compounds?

A

Sampling: by directing air through a filter (not good for volatile
matter) or through an absorbent (to capture gases)

21
Q

what is PM2.5?

A

Fine Particulate Matter 2.5 µm in size or less

22
Q

How do you sample soil? How do you choose which method?

A

Depends on properties of pollutants
- Surface sampling strategy
- Vertical distribution – coring devices (To determine the depth of contamination and cleaning needed)

23
Q

what are the Principles of sampling soil?

A

A soil test is only as good as the sample
- Collect separate samples according to: soil type, slope, crop, history,
fertilizer, etc..
- Collect 20-25 sub-samples
- Sample on a grid system

24
Q

what are the different grid systems to sample soil?

A
  • simple random
  • stratified random
  • systematic
25
Q

when sampling water, what do you have to consider?

A
  • Pollutants from agriculture, industry (municipal wastes or spills)
  • Up and downstream effects
  • Speed of flow of water
26
Q

what are the strategies for Sampling water?

A
  • Surface water – grab technique
  • Continuous monitoring
  • Entrapment procedures (to concentrate particles, organic pollutants)
27
Q

in food, Toxic agents can be acquired during what?

A
  • Production
  • Harvesting
  • Processing
  • Packaging
  • Transportation
  • Storage
  • Cooking
  • Serving
28
Q

How can we measure exposure based on food?

A
  • Dietary survey of individual consumers
  • Per capita consumption rates – e.g, (production + import) /
    population
  • Direct sample analysis
29
Q

what is Tolerable daily intake (TDI)?

A

estimated quantity of contaminant that we can be exposed over a lifetime without posing a significant health risk

30
Q

When do we sample tissues?

A
  • Forensic/medical studies
    – Body fluids: saliva, blood, urine, semen
    – Body tissues: liver, kidney
    – Hair
  • Experimental studies (i.e. to study Metabolism; Toxicokinetics; Toxicodynamics)
  • Environmental studies (plants and animals)
31
Q

NIDA (National Institute of Drug Abuse; USA) performs tests for 5 groups of
which drugs?

A
  • Cocaine
  • Opiates
  • Cannabinoides
  • PCP (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine)
  • Amphetamines
32
Q

how long do the following stay in urine:
Marijuana, Opiates, Cocaine metabolites, LSD

A
  • Marijuana:3-30 days
  • Opiates: 2 days
  • Cocaine metabolites: 2-4 days
  • LSD: undetectable
33
Q

How do you actually get the data from a sample? (the steps to measuring)

A

a. Extraction
b. Separation
c. Identification

34
Q

How do you extract a sample (extraction process)?

A

make the sample homogeneous (typically liquid phase)
-physical (crush, blend etc)
-chemical (extracting with solvent)

35
Q

what is the purpose of chromatography?

A

concentration & purification of samples

36
Q

what is the principle of chromatography?

A

compounds interact differently with different phases
- stationary (solid/liquid) phase
- mobile (liquid/gas) phase
So unique properties of compound will determine its solubility, affinity, retention time

37
Q

what does a stationary phase contain in chromatography and what are the different types?

A

silica + functional groups
- Reverse phase: hydrocarbon chains (bind to hydrophobic compounds)
- Anion Exchange: ammonium groups (bind negative compounds)
- Cation Exchange: carboxyl groups

38
Q

What do we need to consider when choosing a method to identify/quantify a sample?

A
  • sensitivity
  • throughput (how fast and efficient)
  • specificity
  • identification vs quantification
39
Q

what are the different Identification/quantification methods?

A
  • Spectroscopic methods (UV/Vis/IR spectra)
  • Colorimetric/optical (not quantitative)
  • mass spectra
40
Q

what do you need to consider when evaluating data?

A
  • Compare sample to controls (positive and negative) and standards
  • Statistical significance
41
Q

what are you trying to see when evaluating data?

A

Relevance and risk assessment

PHAR 303 (toxicology) (14 decks)

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