Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CRRAB II Week 7 > Respiratory System Under Stress > Flashcards

Respiratory System Under Stress Flashcards

1
Q

What is O2 and CO2 at baseline?

A 
O2 = 250 mL
CO2 = 200 mL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How high can O2 climb in exercise?

A

3000-6000 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How high can CO2 climb in exercise?

A

3000 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What increases in exercise in order to help increase O2 and CO2?

A

VENTILATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to the respiratory quotient during exercise?

A

It increases to 1 or higher.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How could the respiratory quotient get higher than 1?

A

You are producing more CO2 than needing oxygen. The hydrogen ion is combining with bicarbonate –> this indicates that you’re in the anaerobic zone (in VO2 max) and moving into anaerobic metabolism where you produce H+ ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When is Vo2 max?

A

When there is no greater rise in O2 consumption even with increased exercise load.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does diffusion capacity change during exercise?

A

It typically increases 3 fold (measured as CO uptake per partial pressure gradient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does cardiac output change with exercise?

A

It increases 3-4 fold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does heart rate and stroke volume change with exercise?

A

They both increase!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you increase HR and SV in exercise?

A

You elevate these by increasing sympathetic activation (to get HR over 100) and decreasing parasympathetic (will only get HR up to 100)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Ideal Alveolar Equation?

A

Alveolar O2 = Expired O2 - (CO2/R)

[PAo2 = PIo2 - (CO2/R)]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to Systolic pressure during exercise?

A

It increases!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to diastolic pressure during exercise?

A

It decreases or stays the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Since cardiac output is increased, this means what happens to resistance when you exercise?

A

Resistance falls dramatically during exercise!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to PO2 during exercise?

A

It is usually unchanged or rises slightly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens to PCO2 during exercise?

A

PCO2 is usually decreased slightly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to pH during exercise?

A

It is usually decreased (lactic acid buildup)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

According to the Fick principle, if you have 3000 ml O2/min and the arterial -venous O2 concentration difference is 150 mL O2/L, what is the cardiac output?

A

CO = 3000/150 = 20 L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why do you start extracting more O2 out of the blood (same volume - just more efficient at pulling out O2) during exercise?

A

So your Cardiac output (flow) doesn’t have to increase as much as your ventilation!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the stimuli for respiration normally?

A

CO2 and H+ ion build up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the stimuli for respiration at high altitudes?

A

Hypoxia (low O2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What declines with altitude?

A

Atmospheric pressure

24
Q

What happens to people living at the highest altitudes in the world?

A
  • RR is cranked up here so Pco2 is much smaller and people are burning carbohydrate to elevate their Pco1.
  • They also may have polycythemia or ore red blood cells –> means more cell available to carry oxygen
25
What is the atmospheric pressure and PIo2 at the highest human habitation?
400 mmHg | PIo2 = 60
26
What is the most critical adaptation to high altitude?
Hyperventilation
27
What drives Hyperventilation at high altitudes?
Low Po2
28
How does hyperventilation change PaCO2?
It reduces PaCO2 to as low as 8 mmHg.
29
What is another critical adaptation to high altitude?
Polycythemia
30
What happens in polycythemia?
- RBC numbers in blood increase in response to hypoxia - This increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood - Hypoxia induces the production of EPO (erythropoietin)
31
What are other adaptations to high altitude?
- Shifts in oxygen dissociation curve - Increased vascularization of tissues - Increased oxidative enzymes (part of HIF response) - Pulmonary vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia (BAD adaptation)
32
What causes Acute Mountain Sickness?
Respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation) and hypoxia
33
What toxicity can oxygen induce??
Oxygen is damaging to tissues!! - Dec. vital capacity - pulmonary edema - Atelectasis
34
What can breathing 100% oxygen chronically do?
- Decrease vital capacity - Cause pulmonary edema - Cause Atelectasis
35
What does sleeping in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber do?
Increases reactive oxygen species available
36
How can breathing 100% oxygen chronically cause Atelectasis?
- Pressures in alveoli are Po2 668, Pco2 45 and Ph2o 47. - Pressures in venous blood are Po2 55, Pco2 45, Ph2o 47. - This means the diffusion gradient is ENORMOUS for air movement into the blood and collapse of alveoli
37
What is Atelectasis?
Complete or partial collapse of the lung resulting in impaired gas exchange. -Alveoli are deflated
38
What thing things does Space Flight do to the body??
1. Reduced perfusion inequality of lung (no gravity) 2. Calcium loss from bone 3. Postural hypotension on return to earth (not used to gravity)
39
How does pressure increase as you dive?
- Pressure increases 1 atm (760 mmHg) every 10 m | - Gas containing structures can expand on ascent or compress on descent (inner ear, lungs)
40
What happens when someone gets the "bends"?
- It is N2 bubbles in the blood - Nitrogen is poorly soluble in blood but high pressures force it into solution - Nitrogen equilibrates with tissues at high pressures but is returned to the blood at lower pressures - If decompression is too quick, nitrogen escapes forma eh blood as bubbles causing pain and neurological damage if bubbles form in the cranial circulation - Can avoid by replacing nitrogen with helium
41
When is Hyperbaric Oxygen useful for treatment?
- Useful in carbon monoxide poisoning - -> Can increases O2 content of blood to 6 ml/dL by increasing pressure to 3 atm (0.003 ml O2/dL/1 mmHg) - Can be used to treat gas gangrene
42
Why is the pressure in the respiratory system higher than systemic in the fetus?
Hypoxia induced vasoconstriction in lungs! --> causes increased resistance in vascular bed --> may see similar circumstances in COPD patients
43
How much of the systemic circulation goes through the respiratory system in the fetus?
15%
44
Where does the fetus get oxygen?
Umbilical circulation picks up oxygen from the placenta.
45
What happens in fetal circulation?
- Umbilical artery is deoxygenated and the vein is oxygenated - Returns to the right atrium - Most goes through the foramen ovale to the left ventricle and oxygenates tissues - Po2 of aortic blood is 22-30 mmHg
46
What does most of the blood being pumped to the lung go through to get into the systemic circulation?
Most goes through the ductus arteriosus.
47
What does the first breath require?
Enormous pressures to overcome surface tension and lungs partially filled with fluid --> as large as -100 cmH2O have been recorded
48
What happens to pulmonary vascular resistance at birth?
Enormous drop in pulmonary vascular resistance. | --> probably caused by oxygenation of alveoli
49
What two structures should close at birth?
- Ductus arteriosus (closes after birth) | - Foramen ovale (should be closed by increased pressure in the left atrium shortly after birth)
50
What does exercise increase?
- Amount of oxygen consumed - Carbon dioxide produced - Hydrogen ion produced - Heart rate - Stroke volume - Cardiac output - Aterio-venous oxygen content difference - Alveolar ventilation - Systolic blood pressure
51
What does high altitude increase?
Ventilation & Hematocrit (EPO)
52
What does high altitude decrease?
Pco2 and Po2
53
What drives high altitude changes?
Hypoxia!
54
What should you know about pure oxygen?
It can be harmful and can cause atelectasis.
55
What can diving do the the body?
- It can result in compression or expansion of gas containing organs. - Can result in decompression sickness if nitrogen escapes from blood too fast
56
What is hyperbaric oxygen useful for?
Treating carbon monoxide poisoning
57
What should you know about fetus oxygen and respiration?
- Fetus exists at extremely low oxygen tension - Has an unusual circulation (ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale) - Has extremely high pulmonary artery resistance

CRRAB II Week 7 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions