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Bio 224 > Respiratory system part 2 (Physiology) > Flashcards

Respiratory system part 2 (Physiology) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Pulmonary Ventilation?

A

Breathing

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2
Q

When do gases flow into lungs?

A

inspiration (inhalation)

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3
Q

When do gases exit lungs?

A

expiration (exhalation)

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4
Q

What do you call the pressure exerted by air surrounding the body?

A

Atmospheric Pressure (P atm)

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5
Q

760 mm Hg at sea level = _ atmosphere

A

1 atmosphere ( 1 atm)

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6
Q

When discussing Respiratory Pressures, their description is always relative to what?

A

relative to the amount of Atmospheric Pressure

example: P ip is (-4), that means 4 less than P atm

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7
Q

Zero Respiratory Pressure = ___________ ________

A

Atmospheric Pressure (P atm)

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8
Q

Pressure in the aveoli is referred to as Intrapulmonary Pressure ( P pul ) or _____-_______ ________

A

Intra-aveolar Pressure

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9
Q

Intrapulmonary Pressure fluctuates with breathing but it will always eventually equalize with ___________ ________

A

Atmospheric Pressure

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10
Q

Pressure in the Pleural Cavity is known as ____________ ________.

A

Intrapleural Pressure ( P ip)

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11
Q

Intrapleural Pressure is always a ________ pressure

A

negative

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12
Q

Intrapleural Pressure is _ mm Hg less then

P atm

A

4 mm Hg

P ip= -4 mm Hg

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13
Q

The lymphatic system pumps excess fluid out of the pleural cavity to keep fluid levels at a minimum. If this does not occur, fluid will accumulate, which causes positive P ip (intrapleural pressure), which leads to what?

A

Lung Collapse

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14
Q

Name the 2 inward forces that promote Lung Collapse

2 facts about the lungs that make it easy for it to collapse

A
  • Lung’s natural tendency to recoil
    (because of elasticity, lungs always try to assume smallest size)
  • Surface tension of alveolar fluid
    (surface tension pulls on alveoli to try to reduce alveolar size)
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15
Q

Name the 1 outward force that tends to enlarge the lungs

A

Elasticity of chest wall pulls the thorax outward

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16
Q

Name the type of pressure that keeps lung spaces open and keeps the lungs from collapsing

A

Transpulmonary Pressure

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17
Q

What is the formula for Transpulmonary Pressure?

A

P pul- P ip

Intrapulmonary Pressure - Intrapleural Pressure

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18
Q

The Greater the Transpulmonary Pressure => the ______ the lungs will be

A

larger

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19
Q

What 2 facts (equations) involving P atm, P ip, P pul will cause the lungs to collapse?

A

P ip = P pul
P ip = P atm
(intrapleural pressure needs to stay 4 mm Hg below atmospheric pressure)

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20
Q

Negative P ip ( intrapleural pressure) must be maintained to keep lungs inflated.
true or false?

A

true

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21
Q

Give the medical word for air in the pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

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22
Q

define Atelectasis

A

Collapse of the Lung

partial or complete

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23
Q

Plugged bronchioles would cause the collapse of _______

A

alveoli

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24
Q

What would cause Pneumothorax? (air in pleural cavity)

A

A wound in the parietal pleura or a rupture of the visceral pleura (often spontaneous)

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25
Q

When dealing with Pneumothorax, once the damaged pleura heals, what happens to the lung?

A

lung reinflates

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26
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation (aka Breathing) is a mechanical process that depends on ______ changes in the thoracic cavity.

A

volume

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27
Q

With Pulmonary Ventilation, volume changes lead to ________ changes, and pressure changes lead to the flow of _____ to equalize pressure

A
  • pressure

* gases

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28
Q

The diaphragm and the external intercostals are involved in the active process of quiet inspiration.
true or false?

A

true

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29
Q

What action of the diaphragm results in an increase in thoracic volume?

A

during inspiration, the diaphragm contracts, which causes it to move inferiorly and flatten out

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30
Q

What action of the external intercostals causes the rib cage to lift up and out resulting in an increase in thoracic volume?

A

external intercostal muscles contracting during inspiration

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31
Q

As the thoracic cavity volume increases (during inspiration), the lungs stretch as they are pulled out with the thoracic cage. Does this cause any changes in intrapulmonary pressure?

A

yes it causes P pul to drop by 1mm Hg (-1mm Hg)

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32
Q

As the thoracic cavity volume increases (during inspiration), it causes intrapulmonary pressure to drop by 1 mm Hg which then makes a pressure gradient.
true or false?

A

true

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33
Q

During inspiration, when the volume of the Thoracic Cavity increases, what happens to the intrapleural Pressure ( P ip)?

A

it lowers to about 6 mm Hg less than P atm (-6 mm Hg)

(it is normally at -4 mm Hg) due to the slight volume increase in the pleural cavity

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34
Q

Forced (deep) inspirations can occur during vigorous exercise or in people with ____

A

COPD

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35
Q

What “law” pertains to the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas?
(Pressure (P) varies adversely with volume (V)

A

Boyle’s Law

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36
Q

When you inhale, your diaphragm _________ and your ribs and sternum _______, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

A
  • contracts

* elevate

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37
Q

When pressure in the lungs decreases, air comes rushing in.

true or false?

A

true

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38
Q

List the two Primary Respiratory Muscles (Inhalation)

A
  • Diaphragm

* External Intercostal muscles

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39
Q

List the 4 Accessory Respiratory Muscles (Inhalation)

hint: start with 3 S’s 1 P

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • Scalene muscle
  • Serratus anterior muscle
  • Pectoralis minor muscle
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40
Q

In which type of breathing is inhalation active (involves muscular contraction) and exhalation passive? Quiet breathing or forced breathing?

A

Quiet Breathing

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41
Q

Which type of breathing is active with both inhalation and exhalation and utilizes not only the Primary Resp. muscles but also the Accessory Resp. muscles, and involves contraction by the transversus thoracis, internal intercostal, and rectus abdominis muscles?

A

Forced breathing

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42
Q

Quiet expiration is normally a _______ process

A

passive

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43
Q

During expiration (exhalation), inspiratory muscles _____, thoracic cavity volume _________, and lungs recoil.

A
  • relax

* decreases

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44
Q

The Thoracic Cavity Volume decreasing (quiet exhalation), causes P pul (intrapulmonary pressure) to increase by _ mm Hg

A

increases by 1mm Hg (+1 mm Hg)

meaning P pul > P atm

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45
Q

During expiration, the thoracic cavity volume decreases which causes P pul to be increased by 1mm Hg. How will the air flow to cause intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure to be equal again ( P pul= P atm)?

A

Air will flow out of the lungs down the pressure gradient until P pul= P atm

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46
Q

Forced expiration uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles as well as intercostal muscles. Having to utilize all of these muscles indicates that forced expiration is a(n) ______ process.

A

active

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47
Q

During Expiration, your Rib cage moves ____ and __

A

down and in

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48
Q

When ________ in the lungs increases, air is pushed out

A

pressure

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49
Q

During forced exhalation, the abdominal muscles compress the abdomen and push the _________ up

A

diaphragm

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50
Q

During forced exhalation, which 2 muscles actively depress the ribs?

A
  • transversus thoracis

* internal intercostal muscles

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51
Q

List the 4 abdominal muscles involved in exhalation

A
  • Internal Obliques
  • External Obliques
  • Transversus Abdominis
  • Rectus Abdominis
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52
Q

When Volume increases, ________ decreases

A

Pressure

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53
Q

When is the Pressure outside of the lungs greater than the Pressure inside of the lungs, during inhalation or exhalation?

A

inhalation

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54
Q

When is the Pressure inside of the lungs greater than the pressure outside of the lungs, during inhalation or exhalation?

A

exhalation

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55
Q

Name the 3 Physical Factors that influence Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing)
(they influence the ease of air passage and the amount of energy required for ventilation)

A
  1. Airway Resistance
  2. Alveolar Surface Tension
  3. Lung Compliance
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56
Q

Which of the 3 physical factors that influence pulmonary ventilation (breathing) has to do with friction and severe constriction or obstruction of bronchioles and can occur during acute asthma attacks and stop ventilation?

A

Airway resistance

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57
Q

What does Epinephrine do to your bronchioles that reduces air resistance?

A

dilates them

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58
Q

Airway resistance has to do with the relationship between F, P, and R. What do those letters stand for?

A
  • Air Flow (F)
  • Pressure (P)
  • Resistance (R)
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59
Q

What is the term for the attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a gas-liquid interface?
(this relates with the #2 physical factor that influences breathing (pulmonary ventilation)

A

Surface Tension

alveolar surface tension

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60
Q

There is a thin film of water that coats the alveolar walls and it tends to cause the alveoli to shrink to the smallest size and then they could collapse. Which physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation does this pertain to and why?

A

Alveolar Surface Tension

Water has a very high surface tension

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61
Q

Name the lipid and protein complex that is produced by type II alveolar cells, that helps reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid and prevents alveolar collapse

A

Surfactant

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62
Q

What causes infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

insufficient amount of surfactant in premature infants

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63
Q

What is Lung Compliance?

A

the measure of the Lung’s ability to stretch

measure of change in lung volume

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64
Q

Does Higher lung compliance mean it’s easier or harder to expand the lungs?

A

easier

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65
Q

Name the original clinical tool used to measure a person’s respiratory volumes

A

Spirometer

Electronic measuring devices are used today

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66
Q

Name the four different types of Respiratory Volumes that are used to access respiratory status. Here are their abbrev. (TV) :
(IRV):
(ERV):
(RV):

A
  • Tidal Volume (TV)
  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
  • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
  • Residual Volume (RV)
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67
Q

Name the type of Respiratory Volume that gives the amount of air remaining in the lungs after exhalation (keeps the lungs from collapsing between breaths)

A

Residual Volume (RV)

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68
Q

Name the type of Respiratory Volume that measures the amount of air that moves in and out with each breath while at rest

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

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69
Q

What is the Inspiratory Reserve Volume and the Expiratory Reserve Volume?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled forcibly beyond the Tidal Volume (TV)

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70
Q

How do you find the Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A

add all 4 respiratory volume numbers together

TV+IRV+ERV+RV=TLC

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71
Q

What is the formula for Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

A

TV+IRV=IC

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72
Q

What is the formula for Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

A

RV+ERV=FRC

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73
Q

What is the formula for finding Vital Capacity (VC)?

A

TV+IRV+ERV=VC

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74
Q

Respiratory volumes can be combined to calculate respiratory __________

A

capacities

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75
Q

Anatomical Dead Space does not contribute to gas exchange. What does it consist of?

A

air that remains in passageways

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76
Q

What do you call the space occupied by nonfunctional alveoli?

A

Alveolar dead space

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77
Q

How do you find the Total Dead Space?

A

the sum of anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space

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78
Q

What test can be used to distinguish between Obstructive pulmonary disease and Restrictive disease?

A

Spirometry

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79
Q

What test is used to diagnose Asthma and COPD?

this test measures how much air you inhale, exhale, and how quickly you exhale

A

Spirometry

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80
Q

Name the Pulmonary disease thats symptoms are increased airway resistance (ex: bronchitis), and also the TLC, FRC, and RV may increase because of hyperinflation of lungs

A

Obstructive pulmonary disease

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81
Q

Which pulmonary disease causes reduced TLC (ex: tuberculosis) because the disease compromises lung expansion
(decline in VC, TLC, FRC, RV all decline due to lung expansion being compromised)

A

Restrictive disease

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82
Q

What occurs between Lungs and Blood as well as Blood and Tissues?

A

Gas Exchange

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83
Q

What two things does the diffusion of gases occur between during External Respiration?

A

blood and lungs

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84
Q

What two things does the diffusion of gases occur between during Internal Respiration?

A

blood and tissues

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85
Q

P atm doe not change if you stay at a constant altitude (sea level), what is the number for P atm?

A

760 mm Hg

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86
Q

What does 0 mm Hg respiratory pressure really mean?

zero respiratory pressure

A

760 mm Hg

equal to P atm

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87
Q

P atm = 760 mm Hg = _ atm

A

1

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88
Q

Give another name from our slides for Intrapulmonary pressure

A

Intra-alveolar Pressure

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89
Q

If P ip is -4 mm Hg, what exact pressure amount is that?

A

756 mm Hg

4 less than atmospheric

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90
Q

Forced Inhalation has to do with the amount of air inhaled above the normal intake (the Tidal Volume). What is the amount of air inhaled above the Tidal Volume called?

A

IRV

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

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91
Q

Other than the relaxing of the diaphragm and the relaxing of the external intercostal muscles, what is the one last thing that plays a part in the (passive) exhalation process?

A

The elastic recoil of the lungs

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92
Q

How many mL of air move in and out with each breath while at rest?
(also convert it to Liters)

A

~ 500 mL

0.5 L

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93
Q

What minimizes the cohesive forces of the water molecules lining the inside of the alveoli?
(surface tension, H2O” holding hands “)

A

surfactant

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94
Q

Does the Thoracic wall completely enclose the lungs?

A

No

it’s like the fist in the balloon analogy about the pericardial cavity

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95
Q

There is a lot of Resistance in the Conducting Zone and __ resistance in the Respiratory zone.

A

no

gas exchange is done by diffusion from high concentrate to low

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96
Q

What is Lung Compliance?

A

the measure of how much “stretch” the lung has

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97
Q

Why does the Intrapleaural Pressure (P ip) decrease by 2 mm Hg during inspiration/inhalation?

A

when the external intercostal muscles pull up and out, the pulling of the parietal and visceral pleuras of the pleural cavity, causes a slight increase in intrapleural volume which in turn causes a 2 mm Hg decrease in P ip

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98
Q

Can as little as 1 mm Hg difference in pressure cause a pressure gradient between P pul and P atm?

A

yes

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99
Q

The Diaphragm contracting and relaxing, accounts for what percentage of volume change in the Thoracic Cavity?

A

75%

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100
Q

The External Intercostal muscles contracting and relaxing, accounts for what percentage of volume change in the Thoracic Cavity?

A

25%

101
Q

Name the specific type of simple squamous epithelium that makes up the visceral and parietal pleura of the lungs

A

mesothelium

102
Q

In Pulmonary Circulation, when O2 levels decrease in an area of the lung, what happens to the vessels leading to that area?

A

vasoconstriction

remember ventilation perfusion coupling

103
Q 
Perfusion = Blood flow
Ventilation = \_\_\_ flow
A

air

104
Q

Which Pleura attaches to the diaphragm, the visceral or parietal pleura?

A

parietal pleura

105
Q

Bronchial Circulation is part of ________ circulation

A

Systemic

106
Q

Which Alveolar cell type produces the surfactant and which Alveolar cell type produces the ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)?

A

Type I Alveolar Cell : ACE

Type II Alveolar Cell : Surfactant

107
Q

What is the Stroma/ Interlobular septas of the lungs composed of?

A

Elastic Connective Tissue

108
Q

What do you call the air left over in your lungs after exhaling all you can, that keeps your lungs from collapsing?

A

Residual volume (RV)

109
Q

With Restrictive Disease, there is a loss of elasticity and a decrease of compliance.
true or false?

A

true

110
Q

What should always make up the majority of the “dead space”, Anatomical Dead Space or Alveolar Dead Space?

A

Anatomical Dead Space

111
Q
  1. 5% of O2 is dissolved in ______

98. 5% of O2 is loosely bound to each __ of Hb in RBCs

A
  • plasma

* Fe

112
Q

Each Hemoglobin (Hb) is composed of 4 ___________ chains, each with an iron-containing heme group

A

polypeptide

113
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each Hemoglobin transport?

A

4

114
Q

What do you call a Hb that has released it’s Oxygen molecules?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin (reduced hemoglobin) (HHb)

115
Q

What do you call the combination of Hemoglobin with oxygen present in oxygenated blood?

A

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

116
Q

The loading and unloading of O2 on a RBC, is facilitated by a change in the shape of the __________

A

Hemoglobin (Hb)

117
Q

What causes Hb to change it’s shape which causes an increase in it’s affinity for O2?

A

O2 binding

118
Q

As O2 is released, Hb shape-change causes a decrease in it’s affinity for O2.
true or false?

A

true

119
Q

For a RBCs hemoglobin to be “fully saturated”, all four of it’s heme groups need to be doing what?

A

carry O2

120
Q

What would cause Hb to be “partially saturated”?

A

when only 1-4 of it’s hemes carry O2

121
Q

What is the medical name for the inadequate O2 delivery to tissues (this can result in cyanosis (bluish discolor. of skin)

A

Hypoxia

122
Q

Which specific type of Hypoxia is caused by impaired or blocked circulation?

A

Ischemic hypoxia

123
Q

Which specific type of hypoxia is caused by having too few RBCs or abnormal or too little Hb?

A

anemic hypoxia

124
Q

Which specific type of hypoxia is caused by cells being unable to use O2 (as in metabolic poisons)

A

Histotoxic hypoxia

125
Q

What specific type of hypoxia is caused by abnormal ventilation; pulmonary disease?

A

Hypoxemic hypoxia

126
Q

Which does Hb have a much greater affinity for, Carbon Monoxide or Oxygen?

A

Carbon Monoxide

Hb has 200x greater affinity for it than O2

127
Q

Which is more soluble in blood, CO2 or O2?

A

CO2

128
Q

Name the 3 forms in which CO2 is transported in blood and the % of how often that form of transport is used

A
  1. Dissolved in Plasma (7%)
  2. Bound to Globin part of Hb (23%)
  3. Bicarbonate Ions (HCO3-) (70%)
129
Q

What is the most common way that CO2 is transported in blood?

A

as bicarbonate ions

in plasma) ( 70%

130
Q

The Formation of bicarbonate involves ___ combining with ___ to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate and H+

A

CO2

H2O

131
Q

7% of CO2 remains dissolved in plasma while 93% of CO2 diffuses into RBCs and does one of which two things?

A
  • binds to globin part of Hb (23%)
    or
  • transports as bicarbonate ions (70%)
132
Q

What is the name for a compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide? Hb + CO2
(one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in blood, 23% of the time)

A

carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

133
Q

Deoxygenation of the blood increases it’s ability to carry carbon dioxide. Reversely, oxygenated blood has a decrease in it’s ability to carry carbon dioxide. This is known as the _______ Effect

A

Haldane Effect

134
Q

The amount of CO2 transported is affected by ___

A

P O2 (partial pressure of Oxygen)

135
Q

The lower the P O2 and hemoglobin O2 saturation, the more ___ can be carried in blood

A

CO2

136
Q

At tissues, as more CO2 enters the blood, more oxygen disassociates from hemoglobin. what effect is this?

A

Bohr Effect

137
Q

Name the system that helps blood resist changes in pH

A

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate Buffer System

138
Q

If H+ (hydrogen ion) concentration in blood rises, what are the excess H+ combined with to form Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) ?
(excess H+ are removed by combining them with other things and creating something else)

A

HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)

139
Q

If H+ concentration begins to drop, H2CO3 dissociates, releasing __
(what would it release to replenish the H+, don’t overthink it)

A

H+

140
Q

What is considered the “alkaline reserve” of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

A

HCO3- (Bicarbonate Ions)

141
Q

Would an increase in the CO2 in blood result in a drop or rise in pH?

A

drop

increase CO2==> decrease pH

142
Q

Would a decrease in the CO2 in blood result in a drop or rise in pH?

A

rise

decrease CO2==> increase pH

143
Q

Can changes in ventilation help adjust pH when metabolic factors disturb it?

A

yes

breathing plays major role in acid-base balance of body

144
Q

An increase in any of these 4 factors can modify the structure of hemoglobin. Name the 4 factors

A
  • temperature
  • H+ (pH)
  • P CO2
  • BPG
145
Q

What does BPG stand for?

A

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

a bi-product of glycolysis

146
Q

Name what is involved in the most widely accepted hypothesis of how respiratory rhythm is generated?

A

reciprocal inhibition of two sets of interconnected pacemaker neurons in medulla
(each neuron set controls the other to ensure rhythm)

147
Q

Where would the Pontine Respiratory Group in the Brain be located between?

A

between midbrain and Pons

148
Q

Which respiratory group in the Medullary respiratory center, controls/activates the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm?

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

149
Q

When the DRG (Dorsal respiratory group) is inactive, do the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract and become active or relax and become less active?
(normal quiet breathing)

A

relax and become less active

150
Q

When the DRG (Dorsal respiratory group) is active, what do the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles do? relax or contract?
(normal quiet breathing)

A

contract

151
Q

When does the elastic recoil of the lungs occur, during active DRG or inactive DRG?
(normal quiet breathing)

A

inactive DRG (dorsal respiratory group)

152
Q

When does the Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) get activated by the Dorsal Respiratory Group?

A

During Forceful breathing

153
Q

Which group activates the accessory muscles of inhalation and exhalation (during forced breathing)?
the DRG or VRG?

A

VRG (ventral respiratory group)

154
Q

When will the VRG activate the abdominal muscles, during forced inhalation or during forced exhalation?

A

forced exhalation

155
Q

When does the VRG activate the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, serratus anterior, and pectoralis minor muscles, during forced inhalation or during forced exhalation?

A

forced inhalation

156
Q

Pontine Respiratory Centers interact with the _________ respiratory centers to smooth the respiratory pattern.

A

medullary respiratory centers

157
Q

Which group, the VRG or the DRG contain the rhythm generators?

A

VRG (Ventral respiratory group)

158
Q

Which group, the VRG or the DRG, integrates peripheral sensory input and modifies the rhythms generated?

A

DRG (dorsal respiratory group)

159
Q

Which NERVE innervates the diaphragm?

C3, C4, C5

A

Phrenic Nerve

160
Q

Name the 4 things that respiratory centers are affected by

A
  1. Chemical factors
  2. Influence of higher brain centers
  3. Pulmonary Irritant reflexes
  4. Inflation reflex
161
Q

name the 2 respiratory centers

A
  • medullary resp. center

* pontine respiratory center

162
Q

Does an increase of CO2 lead to an increase or decrease in H+?

A

increase

163
Q

Does an increase in H+ make the pH go down becoming more acidic or go up becoming more basic?

A

pH goes down, more acidic

164
Q

If there’s an increase in OH- and blood becomes too basic, what do the excess OH- bind with and what does this binding create?

A
  • binds with H+
  • creating H2O
    (this makes total sense, there are 2 H and 1 O together)
165
Q

When there’s an increase in BPG, is there more saturation (O2) of hemoglobin or less saturation (O2) of hemoglobin?

A

less saturation of hemoglobin

166
Q

How many globins make up Hb?

What is found in the center of Hb that is the binding site for Oxygen?

A
  • 4 (2 alpha, 2 beta)

* Fe (heme group)

167
Q

CO2 + H2O _____ H+ + HCO3-

A

H2CO3 Carbonic Acid

168
Q

Emphysema causes loss of surface area of the alveoli.

true or false?

A

true

169
Q

Air is the combination of __% Nitrogen and __% Oxygen

A

Nitrogen= 79%
Oxygen= 21%
(these % are constant, do not change)

170
Q

How do you find the partial pressure of Nitrogen ( P N2) and/or the partial pressure of Oxygen? (P O2)

A

multiply the percentage of (Nitrogen or Oxygen), times the P atm.
Nitrogen 0.79 x 760 mm Hg
Oxygen 0.21 x 760 mm Hg =

171
Q

Carbon Dioxide is __x more soluble than Oxygen

A

20x

172
Q

Would the P O2 (partial pressure of O2) be extremely low or extremely high if you were on Mount Everest?

A

extremely low

the P atm on Mt. Everest is 433.2 mm Hg instead of the 760 mm Hg at sea level we normally deal with

173
Q

We know Oxygen has a low solubility in water. Does Nitrogen have a low or high solubility in water?

A

Nitrogen= low solubility
(to force nitrogen into blood, you increase the P atm, example: underwater below sea level increases atmospheric pressure)

174
Q

Under Henrys Law
Increase Pressure= Increase __________
Decrease Pressure= Decrease __________

A
  • Solubility

* Solubility

175
Q

Under Henry’s Law
Decrease Temp. = _________ Solubility
Increase Temp. = _________ Solubility
(inverse effect)

A
  • Increase

* Decrease

176
Q

When minnie said that P pul (intrapulmonary pressure) was at +1 mm Hg during quiet exhalation, what does that mean the pressure actually is?

A

761 mm Hg

177
Q

Which type of capillary bed is involved in External Respiration?
(pulmonary or systemic?)

A

Pulmonary

178
Q

Which type of capillary bed is involved in Internal Respiration?

A

Systemic

179
Q

Which Respiration, Internal or External, deals with capillary gas exchange in body tissues?

A

Internal Respiration

180
Q

What (fused) membrane will you find at the site of gas exchange between an alveolus and pulmonary capillary bed?

A

Respiratory Membrane

181
Q

With Internal Respiration, Tissue P O2 is always lower than the P O2 in arterial blood, so oxygen moves from _____ to ________

A

from blood to tissues

182
Q

With Internal Respiration, what is the Tissue P O2?

What is the P O2 in arterial blood?

A
  • 40 mm Hg

* 100 mm Hg

183
Q

With Internal Respiration, the Tissue P CO2 is always higher than the P CO2 in systemic arterial blood, so CO2 moves from _______ to _____

A

from tissues to blood

184
Q

With Internal Respiration, what is the Tissue P CO2?

What is the P CO2 in systemic arterial blood?

A
  • 45 mm Hg

* 40 mm Hg

185
Q

What drives the diffusion of O2 and CO2 during gas exchange?

A

the partial pressure gradient

186
Q

How long does the exchange itself occur for with External Respiration (Pulmonary, between alveolus and pulmonary arteriole/venule) ?

A

0.25 msec

187
Q

During External Respiration happening between the Alveolus and the Pulmonary capillary bed, __ diffuses out of the lung and ___ diffuses into the lung

A 
O2 out 
CO2 in  (to exhale out of body)
188
Q

During External Respiration happening between the Alveolus and the Pulmonary capillary bed. What in the
P O2 value and what is the P CO2 value, inside of the Alveolus?

A

P O2= 100-104 mm Hg (104 mm Hg)

P CO2= 40 mm Hg

189
Q

With External Respiration, give the values of the P O2 and

P CO2 in the pulmonary venule

A
  • P O2 = 100 mm Hg

* P CO2 = 40 mm Hg

190
Q

When you take the partial pressure Values (P O2 and
P CO2) of the pulmonary arteriole and pulmonary venule of External Respiration and then flip flop them, those values are accurate for the partial pressure values of the Systemic arteriole and Systemic venule of Internal Respiration.
true or false?

A

true
Pulmonary:
arteriole P O2= 40mm Hg P CO2= 45 mm Hg
venule P O2= 100 mm Hg P CO2= 40 mm Hg
Systemic:
arteriole P O2= 100 mm Hg P CO2= 40 mm Hg
venule P O2= 40 mm Hg P CO2= 45 mm Hg

191
Q

What are the P O2 and P CO2 values of the tissues in Internal Respiration (Systemic)

A

P O2 = 40 mm Hg

P CO2= 45 mm Hg

192
Q

When looking at Internal Resp. and External Resp, three of the partial pressures we learned in class are the same for the P O2 and P CO2. List the three areas that all have the same values for both and then also tell what the values are

A

*Tissues in Internal Resp. (systemic)
*Systemic venule Internal Resp. (hint:blue)
*Pulmonary arteriole in External Resp. (hint:blue)
P O2= 40 mm Hg
P CO2= 45 mm Hg

193
Q

What type of “coupling” is being referred to when we talk about more blood being sent to the better airated portions of the lungs?

A

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

* for each area of lung: Airflow=Blood Flow

194
Q

Which type of Respiration, Internal Resp. or External Resp., has O2 going into the capillary (arteriole/venule) and CO2 going out of the vessel?
(hint: both cross the Respiratory membrane)

A 
External Respiration (Pulmonary)
between alveolus and pulmo. capillary
195
Q

Why is there lower O2 saturation of hemoglobin during exercise?

A

because we are using the O2 to make ATP

196
Q

How much saturation of O2 on hemoglobin do we have while at rest?
(percentage answer)

A

75%

197
Q

What do they call the chart that shows the percent of Hb saturation plotted against P O2 concentrations?
(not as hard as it seems)

A

oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

shows how P O2 heavily influences bind/release of O2 from Hb

198
Q

The amount of oxygen carried by Hb depends on the amount of ______ available locally

A

oxygen (P O2)

199
Q

When P O2 is high, large changes in P O2 cause only small changes in __ saturation.
When P O2 is low, large changes in P O2 cause _____ changes in Hb saturation.

A
  • Hb

* large

200
Q

During quiet Inhalation, there is an increase in volume so the P pul goes down to what?
The P ip goes down to what?

A

Quiet inhalation
P pul = -1 mm Hg ( 759 mm Hg )
P ip = -6 mm Hg ( 754 mm Hg)

201
Q

760 mm Hg= _ atmosphere (atm)

A

1

202
Q

During quiet exhalation, there is a decrease in volume so the P pul goes up to what?
The P ip goes up to what?

(remember where they were during quiet inhalation)

A

P pul = +1 mm Hg ( 761 mm Hg )

P ip = -4 mm Hg ( 756 mm Hg )

203
Q

What two basement membranes fuse together and become the Respiratory Membrane where gas exchange occurs?
(external Resp./ Pulmonary)

A

Basement membrane of Alveolar cell

Endothelium basement membrane

204
Q

What does P N2 stand for?

A

partial pressure of Nitrogen

205
Q

How do you calculate to find the partial pressure of Nitrogen ( P N2) ?
(at sea level)

A

multiply the % of Nitrogen making up air, which is ~ 79% by the P atm which at sea level is 760 mm Hg.
0.79 x 760 mm Hg= P N2

206
Q

How do you calculate to find the partial pressure of Oxygen ( P O2) ?
(at sea level)

A

multiply the % of Oxygen making up air, which is ~21%, by the P atm which at sea level is 760 mm Hg.
0.21 x 760 mm Hg = P O2

207
Q

Other than Nitrogen and Oxygen, what part of air makes up ~ 0.04 % of air?

A

CO2

208
Q

At higher altitudes, partial pressure decreases but at lower altitudes (under water), partial pressures increase significantly.
true or false?

A

true

209
Q

What are hyperbaric chambers an example of?

who’s law?

A

Henry’s law

210
Q

Henry’s law deals with gas mixtures in contact with what?

A

liquids

211
Q

What happens to the pH when there is an increase in H+?

A

pH goes down, it becomes more acidic

212
Q

An increase in CO2 ===> increase H+===> ________ pH

Bohr effect

A

decreased pH

more acidic

213
Q

Hypercapnia=

A

increase in CO2 concentration (P CO2)

214
Q

Hypocapnia=

A

decrease in CO2 concentration ( P CO2)

215
Q

If there’s an increase in CO2, the rate and depth must ________

A

increase

216
Q

If there’s a decrease in CO2, the rate and depth must ________.
(hint: hyperventilate in air in class, what happened to breathing directly after)

A

decrease

a drop in rate and depth causes you to stop breathing, giving the CO2 a chance to accumulate

217
Q

Systemic arterioles vaso_________ when O2 is high,
Pulmonary arterioles vaso______ when O2 is high
(pulmonary deals with alveolus, External resp.)

A

Systemic vasoconstrict when O2 is high

Pulmonary vasodilate when O2 is high

218
Q

The Pre-Bötzinger Complex is part of the ___, yet separate

A

VRG

219
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

__+___= IC

A

TV + IRV = IC

220
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

__ + ___ = FRC

A

RV + ERV = FRC

221
Q

Vital Capacity

__ + ___ + ___ = VC

A

TV + IRV + ERV = VC

222
Q

Total Lung Capacity

__ + ___ + ___ + __ = TLC

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV = TLC

223
Q

Give the % values of how CO2 is transported.
_% dissolved in plasma as P CO2
__% of CO2 bound to globin part of Hb
(referred to as Carbaminohemoglobin)
__% transported as bi-carbonate Ions (HCO3-) in plasma

A

7% dissolves
23% binds to Hb
70% transports as bi-carbonate Ions (HCO3-)

224
Q

Bohr effect focuses on H+

Haldane effect focuses on ___

A

CO2

225
Q

When H+ concentrations begin to drop, which will happen, A or B?
A) H+ pair up with something else and create something new using up more of the already low supply
or
B) dissociation occur where H+ break off and goes where the H+ concentration is low to help elevate it?

A

B

226
Q

Name the nerve that innervates the diaphragm

DRG

A

Phrenic nerve

227
Q

Where is the Pontine Respiratory group located in the brainstem?
(obvious answer)

A

Pons

228
Q

What three things make up the Medullary respiratory center (in the medulla oblongata)?

A
  • Pre-Bötzinger complex
  • Ventral respiratory group
  • Dorsal respiratory group
229
Q

The Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm. What nerve innervates the external intercostal muscles?
(answer is in the question/easy)

A

Intercostal nerve

230
Q

Name the most important of all the factors that affect depth and rate of inspiration

A

chemical factors

231
Q

Name the 2 types of chemoreceptors, 1 found throughout the brain stem and the other in the aortic arch/ carotid arteries, that are there to sense chemical changes

A
  • Central chemoreceptors (brainstem) (Main Heavy Hitter)

* Peripheral chemoreceptors (aortic bodies/ carotid bodies)

232
Q

Which of the 2 types of peripheral chemoreceptors, is the most sensitive to changes in O2 concentration? Aortic or Carotid?

A

Carotid

because it’s the blood supply to the brain

233
Q

What part of the brain is used when you consciously hold your breath?

A

Cerebral Cortex

234
Q

Name the part of the brain associated with your anger/emotions

A

Hypothalamus

235
Q

What type of epithelium are type I alveolar cells and what do they secrete?
What type of epithelium are type II alveolar cells and what do they secrete?

A
  • Type I Alveolar=single layer squamous, secretes ACE

* Type II Alveolar= scattered cuboidal, secretes surfactant

236
Q

Which type of Alveolar cells are involved with the respiratory membrane and External respiration, type I alveolar or type II Alveolar?

A

type I, the gas exchange cannot occur across any other cells other than this single layer of squamous epithelium that’s basement membrane is fused

237
Q

When there is low O2, you can assume there is a build-up of ___

A

CO2

238
Q

Without __________ the alveolus could collapse.

H20 holding hands word picture in class

A

surfactant

239
Q

Inhalation, whether it’s forced or quiet, is ALWAYS ______

A

Active

240
Q

Nitrogen has very low solubility. An increase of ____ will force the nitrogen into the blood

A

P atm

241
Q

What comes first going from superior to inferior, the respiratory zone or the conducting zone?

A

conducting zone

242
Q

Are the terminal bronchioles a part of the respiratory zone?

A

No, it starts right after the terminal bronchioles

from the respiratory bronchiole=> alveolar duct=>alveolar sac/alveoli

243
Q

Are the Terminal bronchioles a part of the Lobule?

A

yes. terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac/alveoli

244
Q

What Zone are the terminal bronchioles in?

A

Conducting zone

245
Q

Which nerve is used by the Aortic Bodies ?

Which nerve is used by the Carotid bodies?

A 
Aortic= Vagus
Carotid= Glossopharyngeal
246
Q

“Hyper” capnia is anything elevated over __ mm Hg

“Hypo” capnia is anything dropping below __ mm Hg

A

45

45

247
Q

Pre-Bötzinger is signaled to first by the _______ Respiratory Center. Pre-Bötzinger controls rate and regulates courtesy of it’s _________ cells

A
  • Pontine

* Pacemaker

248
Q

The Aortic Bodies (peripheral chemoreceptors) send their signal through the Vagus nerve to the _______ Respiratory Center

A

Pontine

249
Q

If O2 is going to the tissues, where is carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2) headed?

A

to the lungs to be exhaled out

Bio 224 (11 decks)

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