Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Respiratory System - Module 10 > Flashcards

Respiratory System - Module 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are type 2 cells found/what do they do?

A

Secrete surfactant, line the alveoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define total lung capacity.

A

The maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold (=vital air capacity + residual volume).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define vital capacity.

A

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation (=inspiratory reserve + tidal volume + expiratory reserve).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define functional residual volume.

A

Amount of air still in the lungs after exhalation of that volume (=expiratory reserve + residual volume).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define inspiratory capacity.

A

Max amount of air that can be inhaled after exhaling tidal volume (=tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define residual volume.

A

Remaining air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation (1,200mL).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume.

A

Max amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume (1,000mL).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume.

A

Max amount of air that can enter the lungs in addition to tidal volume (2,500mL).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define tidal volume.

A

Volume of air entering/leaving the lungs during one breath at rest (500mL).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

Device to measure lung volumes/capacities, useful in diagnosing asthma, emphysema and bronchitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The amount of air we inhale/exhale depends on…

A
  1. Age
  2. Health
  3. Level of activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the maximum amount of air our longs can hold?

A

5L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What releases surfactant and when?

A

Released from type 2 cells during deep breathing.

Babies born before 36 weeks do not produce proper surfactant, causing alveoli to collapse. This makes it very difficult to inhale, causing infant respiratory distress syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Force developed at the surface of liquid due to attractive forces between water molecules (pull water molecules into a tight ball).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is pulmonary emphysema?

A

Chronic condition produces by smokers, destroys elastin fibres. Without elastin, it is very easy to inhale but very difficult to exhale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Disease that causes a decrease in compliance, caused by the constant inhalation of very fine particles. The immune cells guarding the lungs cannot destroy these particles, resulting in large amounts of inelastic collagen deposited, forming fibrous scars. Presence of scar tissue decreases compliance, making it difficult to inflate the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are factors that influence compliance.

A
  1. Amount of elastic tissue found in the walls of the alveoli/blood vessels/bronchi.
  2. Surface tension of liquid lining the alveoli.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is pulmonary compliance.

A

Stretchability of lungs - the more stretchable, the more compliant. Important because it determines the ease of breathing.

Low Compliance = Difficult to inflate
High Compliance = Easy to inflate but difficult to deflate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

No contraction of respiratory muscles = …

A

Passive process, happens during expiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Contraction of respiratory muscles = …

A

Active process, relies on signals from the respiratory center in the brainstem, happens during inspiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the pressure gradient in the lungs called and how does it assist in moving air in and out of the lungs?

A

Air pressure gradient

To move air INTO the lungs, it requires high pressure outside and low pressure in the alveoli.

To move air OUT OF the lungs, it requires high alveolar pressure ad low atmospheric pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Boyle’s law of ventilation?

A

When the volume of a container decreases, the pressure inside increases (and vice versa).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When does pneumothorax occur?

A

Occurs when the intrapleural space is punctured, so no pressure is holding open the lungs (alveolar/intrapleural pressures are equal, resulting in a transpulmonary pressure of zero).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define transpulmonary pressure.

A

Difference between alveolar and intrapleural pressure. This pressure holds the lungs open. In healthy lungs, the transpulmonary is positive and keeps the lungs/alveoli open.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What causes lower interpleural pressure?

A

The chest wall and lungs move in opposite directions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

State the mmHg for the following…

  1. Atmospheric pressure outside the body.
  2. Alveolar and atmospheric pressure.
  3. Pressure in interpleural space.
A
  1. 760mmHg
  2. 760mmHg
  3. 756mmHg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of the interpleural space/interpleural fluid?

A

Reduces friction between pleural membranes while breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two pleural membranes and where are they located?

A
  1. Parietal Pleura - Sticks to the ribs.

2. Viceral Pleura - Surrounds/sticks to the lungs.

29
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Transport of O2 from air to the blood.
  2. Removal of CO2 from blood to the air.
  3. Controls blood acidity (pH).
  4. Temperature regulation.
  5. Line of defence to airborne particles.
30
Q

Where are elastin and collagen found in the body?

A

Walls of the alveoli, around blood vessels and bronchi.

31
Q

What are the cells of the immune system and what are their function?

A

Microphages/lymphocytes protect the body from airborne particles that make their way to the alveoli.

32
Q

Define respiratory membrane.

A

Region between alveolar space and the capillary lumen. It can have a thickness of 0.3 microns, and is where gas exchange occurs between air and blood.

33
Q

Where are type 1 cells found?

A

Composes walls of the alveoli, one cell thick (epithelial cells).

34
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

The amount of air the enters all of the conducting and respiratory zones in one minute.

35
Q

The conducting zone is also referred to as…

A

Anatomical dead space.

36
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

An area of the lungs where no gas exchange takes place because there are no alveoli.

37
Q

Where is the respiratory zone located?

A

Wherever the alveoli are located.

38
Q

What does pulmonary ventilation determine?

A

The amount of air (hence the amount of oxygen) that is available to the body.

39
Q

At rest, what is pulmonary ventilation?

A

7,500mL/min.

40
Q

What is the term used to describe the amount of air available for gas exchange (only air in the respiratory zone is involved)?

A

Alveolar ventilation (VA).

41
Q

Why is alveolar ventilation (VA) difficult to measure?

A

Because the anatomical dead space volume must be taken into account.

42
Q

The volume of anatomical dead space is approximately equal to what?

A

Weight of the person in pounds.

43
Q

Define the partial pressure of gas.

A

The pressure exerted by that one gas in a mixture of gases.

44
Q

Oxygen will move from the _______ _____ to the ________, whereas carbon dioxide will move from the ________ to the _____ _____.

A

Alveolar space, bloodstream

Bloodstream, alveolar space.

45
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood refers to what?

A

The amount of these gases dissolved in the plasma.

46
Q

True or False: Very little oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.

A

TRUE.

47
Q

How is oxygen carried in the blood?

A

Dissolved in plasm, and carried in RBC’s attached to Hb.

48
Q

RBC’s contains…

A

Hb which carries large amounts of oxygen.

49
Q

Plasm contains…

A

SOME dissolved plasma.

50
Q

Where does the production of RBC’s take place?

A

Also called erythropoiesis, takes place in bone marrow.

51
Q

Erythropoiesis requires the presence of what?

A

AAs, iron, folic acid and vitamin B12.

52
Q

RBCs are destroyed/removed by…

A

The spleen and liver.

53
Q

Erythropoietin does what?

A

Stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs.

54
Q

Normally, EPO is secreted in ____ amounts.

A

Low.

55
Q

Why is EPO normally secreted in low amounts?

A

To ensure that RBCs keep up with their daily loss of 250 million per day.

56
Q

When do EPO levels increase?

A

When oxygen levels in the kidneys drop.

57
Q

A drop in oxygen levels can be caused by…

A

Decreased cardiac output, lung disease, high altitudes, or a decreased number of RBCs and/or total Hb content.

58
Q

What hormone stimulated the secretion of EPO?

A

Testosterone.

59
Q

When does EPO reach its peak levels?

A

24 hours.

60
Q

When does EPO begin being produced?

A

When an individual is exposed to low levels of oxygen.

61
Q

Each molecule of Hb contains how many subunits?

A

4

62
Q

Each subunit contains a ____ molecule attached to a ______.

A

heme, polypeptide.

63
Q

Four polypeptides are called what?

A

Globin.

64
Q

Each heme molecule can carry how many oxygen atoms?

A

1

65
Q

What atom gives RBCs their red colour?

A

Iron.

66
Q

Oxygen bins easily with Hb to produce…

A

Oxyhemoglobin?

67
Q

Where in the body is PO2 high, therefore very little O2 will dissociate from Hb?

A

Alveoli.

68
Q

Where in the body is PO2 low, so less oxygen is bound to Hb, moving into the cells?

A

Tissue.

69
Q

When you exercise, what happens to your muscles?

A

Your temperature increases, lactic acid builds up and your muscles become acidic.

Physiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions