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Physiology > Renal System - Module 11 > Flashcards

Renal System - Module 11 Flashcards

1
Q

The renal system includes…

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

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2
Q

What are the principal functions of the kidneys?

A

Regulation of water balance, electrolyte levels, pH of blood and long-term regulation of arterial pressure.

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3
Q

What are the basic functions of the kidneys?

A

Remove nonessential substances from the plasma including waste metabolites, excess water and electrolytes, and to recover any essential substances (glucose).

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4
Q

Are the kidneys an endocrine or exocrine gland? Why?

A

Endocrine gland because it produces hormones/components of hormonal systems such as renin, erythropoietin, vit D and stanniocalcin.

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5
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Functional unit of the kidneys; there are over 1 million nephrons in each kidney whose function is to filter blood, reabsorb essential substances and and excrete nonessential molecules and waste.

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6
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

Filtration of blood.

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7
Q

What are peritubular capillaries?

A

A dense network of capillaries surrounding the tubes of the nephron.

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8
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

Glomerulus and glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule).

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9
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

Site where blood is filtered (glomerular filtration).

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10
Q

What is glomerular filtration facilitated by?

A

Highly permeable capillary endothelium that is surrounded by podocytes.

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11
Q

Is the afferent or efferent arteriole larger in diameter? What is the function purpose?

A

Afferent arteriole is larger in diameter, efferent arteriole is smaller - this enhances glomerular filtration.

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12
Q

Define filtration.

A

Movement of fluid through glomerular capillary due to hydrostatic pressure.

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13
Q

Define filtrate.

A

Solution created by filtration; generally composed of water plus all dissolved solutes in blood (except for large proteins that are too big to be filtered).

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14
Q

Define reabsorption.

A

The movement of substances from the lumen of the nephron back into the blood.

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15
Q

Define secretion.

A

The movement of a substance from the blood into the lumen of the nephron.

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16
Q

Define excretion.

A

Removal of the substance from the body.

Excretion = Filtration + Secretion - Reabsorption

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17
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Special epithelial cells that surround capillaries. Podocytes have large filtration slits that are formed between pedicles.

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18
Q

What is the function of podocytes/pedicles?

A

Increase filtration at the glomerulus.

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19
Q

What is glomerular pressure caused be?

A

The large afferent arteriole (lots of blood enter the glomerulus) and the smaller efferent arteriole (little blood leaving the glomerulus).

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20
Q

Define glomerular filtration rate.

A

The volume of fluid that if filtered by the glomerulus during a certain time period.

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21
Q

What percentage of of substances filtered into the glomerulus are reabsorbed back into circulation?

A

99%

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22
Q

What are the two transport routes that can be taken back into the blood stream?

A

Paracellular and transcellular/transepithelial transport.

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23
Q

In secondary active transport, what establishes the Na+ concentration gradient?

A

Na+/K+ pump.

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24
Q

Secondary active transports include…

A

Na+/glucose co-transport and the Na+/H+ exchanger.

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25
Q

Where is the Na+/glucose co-transporter and the Na+/H+ exchanger located?

A

On the luminal side of tubule cells.

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26
Q

According to the Na+/glucose co-transporter, as each Na+ diffuses into the cell, ____ glucose molecule(s) is carried along with it.

A

1

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27
Q

According to the Na+/H+ exchanger, one H+ moves out of the cell for every ___ Na that diffuses in.

A

1

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28
Q

Where does Na+ reabsorption take place?

A

Proximal tubule, ascending limb and early distal tubule.

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29
Q

What is Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule regulated by (hormone)?

A

Angiotensin II

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30
Q

What is Na+ reabsorption in the late distal tubule/collecting duct regulated by (hormone)?

A

Aldosterone.

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31
Q

Where does water reabsorption take place?

A

Proximal tubule/descending loop of Henle.

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32
Q

What hormone is water regulated by in the late distal tubule/collecting duct?

A

ADH

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33
Q

Where does K+ reabsorption take place?

A

Proximal tubule/ascending limb.

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34
Q

Secretion of K+ in small amounts occurs where?

A

Ascending limb.

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35
Q

Secretion of K+ in large amounts occurs where and under the influence of what hormone?

A

Late distal tubule/collecting duct under influence of aldosterone.

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36
Q

H+ secretion occurs where? Is it regulated or non-regulated?

A

Proximal tubule/ascending limb/late distal tubule/collecting duct. Can be both regulated and non-regulated.

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37
Q

What % of total filtrate does the proximal tubule reabsorb?

A

66%

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38
Q

Na+ can be reabsorbed by tubule cells by what three mechanisms?

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Na+/glucose co-transporter
  3. Na+/H+ exchanger
39
Q

Where are amino acids reabsorbed and by what mechanism?

A

Proximal tubule by the Na+/AA co-transporter.

40
Q

True or False: ALL glucose should be reabsorbed in filtrate by the Na+/glucose co-transporter.

A

True.

41
Q

What happens when insulin is not being produced?

A

Glucose concentrations build up in the blood.

42
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A disease that affects the pancreas’ ability to produce insulin, essential for cells to take up/store glucose after a meal.

43
Q

Can Na+/glucose co-transporters be saturates? Why/why not?

A

Yes, because they are secondary transport.

44
Q

Paracellular transport…

A

Between cells.

45
Q

Transcellular/transepithelial transport…

A

Across cells.

46
Q

True of False: Water reabsorption takes place after solutes have been reabsorbed.

A

True.

47
Q

Tubule cells are joined together by ____ ________, which can be ______.

A

Tight junctions, leaky.

48
Q

Define solvent drag.

A

Involves reabsorption of K+ with the movement of water. Water is reabsorbed by osmosis between tubule cells. This water, as it moves between cells, also carried some dissolved substances in the filtrate (K+). THE MOVEMENT OF SOLUTE IN A SOLVENT = SOLVENT DRAG.

49
Q

How much water and filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the descending and ascending loop of Henle?

A

Water - 15%

Na+ - 20%

50
Q

The descending limb is very permeable to _____ but not very permeable to any ___.

A

Water, ion.

51
Q

True or False: The ascending limb is very permeable to water, therefore lots of water will be absorbed.

A

FALSE.

52
Q

The ascending limb is very permeable to what ions?

A

Na+, K+ and Cl-

53
Q

What hormone increases the activity of the Na+/K+ pump?

A

Aldosterone.

54
Q

Decreasing Na+ in the cell will cause what to happen?

A

Cause the cell to manufacture more Na+ channels on the luminal side of the membrane.

55
Q

Na+ reabsorption is controlled by what hormone?

A

Aldosterone.

56
Q

Water reabsorption is controlled by what hormone?

A

ADH.

57
Q

K+ secretion happens due to what hormone?

A

Aldosterone.

58
Q

Where is ADH produced and released by? Does it rely on -ve or +ve feedback?

A

Produced in the hypothalamus
Released by the posterior pituitary
Relies on -ve feedback

59
Q

Where are osmoreceptors located?

A

Hypothalamus.

60
Q

What do osmoreceptors responds to changes of?

A

Fluid concentration.

61
Q

If an individual in over-hydrated, the cell will…

A

Swell.

62
Q

How will dehydration affect the cell?

A

Concentration body fluids (increase osmolarity) causing osmoreceptors to lose water by osmosis and shrink. Shrinking osmosreceptors will signal the posterior pituitary to release ADH, causing the kidneys to reabsorb water from the distal tubule/collecting duct.

63
Q

How will overhydration affect the cell?

A

Decrease osmolarity, causing osmoreceptors to swell, resulting in less ADH being released, less water being reabsorbed in the distal tubule/collecting duct, and more water excreted in the urine.

64
Q

What will dehydration do to blood volume and blood pressure?

A

Lower both.

65
Q

What will overhydration do to blood volume and blood pressure?

A

Increase both.

66
Q

Changes in blood volume are detected by what? Located where?

A

Volume receptors located in the left atrial wall.

67
Q

Changed in blood pressure are detected by what? Located where?

A

Baroreceptors found in the aortic arch/carotid sinus.

68
Q

Volume receptors control the release of what hormone?

A

ADH.

69
Q

A lower blood volume will cause the _____ of ADH, while an increased blood volume will ______ ADH release.

A

release, decrease.

70
Q

ADH stimulated cells to manufacture what?

A

Aquaporins.

71
Q

Why do people urinate more often after consuming alcohol?

A
  • Inhibits the release of ADH from the pituitary gland.
  • Less ADH will produce fewer water channels in the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct.
  • With fewer channels, less water is being absorbed and more water will be excreted in urine.
72
Q

Na+ levels are regulated by what?

A

Aldosterone and the RAS system (combined = RAAS).

73
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

Adrenal glands.

74
Q

When is aldosterone secreted?

A

When blood Na+ levels are low and when K+ levels are high.

75
Q

Aldosterone is secreted in response to what?

A

Angiotensin II, and (in very small amounts) adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH).

76
Q

Where is renin secreted from?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells.

77
Q

Where are juxtaglomerular cells located?

A

In the walls of the afferent/efferent arterioles.

78
Q

Where is angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) produced?

A

Lungs.

79
Q

Explain the sodium balance RAS system in order

A

Angiotensinogen –> Angiotensin I –> Angiotensin II

Renin ACE

80
Q

ANG II stimulates the secretion of what hormone from what gland?

A

Aldosterone, adrenal gland.

81
Q

When is ANG II produced?

A

When Na+ levels are low and when BP is low.

82
Q

Is ANG II a vasoconstrictor or a vasodialator?

A

Vasoconstrictor, vessels constrict causing an increase in total peripheral resistance, increasing BP.

83
Q

What does ANG II do?

A

Stimulates “thirst”; drinking will increase blood pressure and blood volume.

84
Q

ANG II stimulated the release of what?

A

ADH, causing reabsorption of water by the kidneys and absorption of water and sodium from the digestive tract.

85
Q

Water is gained by…

A

Drinking and by metabolism of energy storage.

86
Q

Water is lost by…

A

Dehydration through skin, urine, lungs/feces.

87
Q

What are the hormones involved with water balance?

A

ADH, RAS, Aldosterone

88
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Water reabsorption in the late distal tubule/collecting duct.

89
Q

What is the function of RAS?

A

Reabsorption of Na+ from proximal tubule/ascending limb, also causes H+ in the same regions, also stimulated adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone.

90
Q

What is the function of RAS?

A

Reabsorption of Na+ from proximal tubule/ascending limb, also causes H+ in the same regions, also stimulated adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone.

91
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Reabsorption of Na+/secretion of K+ from late distal tubule/collecting duct.

92
Q

What is blood hydrostatic pressure?

A

+60mmHg fluid (blood) pushing on the capsule caused by the difference in diameter of the afferent and efferent arteriole.

93
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

-32mmHg proteins pulling because they cannot get through the podocytes, causing reabsorption of fluid into the plasma.

94
Q

What is capsular pressure?

A

-18mmHg reabsorption of fluid in the capsule.

Physiology (3 decks)

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