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CRRAB II Week 6 - WLB > Respiratory System Histology - Downing > Flashcards

Respiratory System Histology - Downing Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiratory epithelium (3 types of cells)?

A

Respiratory epithelium of mucosa =

  1. Goblet cells (30%): mucus secretion
  2. Ciliated columnar cells (30%): move mucus
  3. Basal cells: (30%) mitotic, undifferentiated; replenish goblet, ciliated columnar, and brush cells
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2
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium found? What is it composed of?

A 
Where = limited region of posterior nasopharynx
What is it =
-Bipolar cells (neuronal cells)
-Sustentacular cells (supporting cells)
-Basal cells (mitotic cells)
-Lamina propria
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3
Q

What are the differences between the functions of the conducting and respiratory division of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting - warms, moistens, & filters air. Delivers air to respiratory division. No gas exchange.
Respiratory - function = gas exchange

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4
Q

What are the histological features of the anterior nasopharynx?

A

Anterior portion = vestibule

  • Lined with skin
  • Coarse hairs: vibrissae (stop from inhaling foreign bodies)
  • Dermis contains sebaceous and sweat glands
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5
Q

What are the histological features of the oropharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What are the histological features of the laryngeal pharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

What are the histological features of the larynx?

A

Short cylindrical tube (4 cm x 4 cm)

Cartilages reinforce laryngeal wall:

  • Hyaline cartilages = *thyroid, *cricoid
  • Elastic cartilages = *epiglottis
  • Cartilages connected by ligaments = movements controlled by intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscles
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8
Q

What are the 3 histological layers of the trachea?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Adventitia
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9
Q

What are the histological features of the Intrapulmonary bronchi?

A
  • C-shaped cartilage rings replaced by irregular *plates of hyaline cartilage
  • Smooth muscle at interface of lamina propria and submucosa in two distinct layers
  • Seromucous glands and lymphoid elements present in submucosa
  • Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium on mucosal surface
  • **Presence of alveoli
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10
Q

What are the histological features of the Non-olfactory region of the posterior nasopharynx?

A

Non-olfactory regions:

  • Respiratory epithelium = pseudostratifed ciliated columnar epithelium
  • -Richly vascularized
  • -Seromucous glands (in underlying connective tissue)
  • -Many lymphoid elements = lymphoid nodules; mast cells; plasma cells (produce IgA, IgE, and IgG)
  • –Protects nasal mucosa from inhaled antigens and microbial invasion
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11
Q

What are the histological features of the Olfactory region of the posterior nasopharynx?

A

Small region of roof of nasal cavity; superior aspect of nasal septum; superior concha

Olfactory epithelium:

  • Bipolar cells
  • Sustentacular cells
  • Basal cells
  • Lamina propria
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12
Q

What are the histological features of the Epiglottis?

A
  • Supported by a core of *elastic cartilage
  • Superior surface = stratified squamous epithelium
  • Inferior surface = pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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13
Q

What are the histological features of the Vestibular (ventricular) fold of the Larynx?

A
  • Superior location
  • Immovable
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Lamina propria
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14
Q

What are the histological features of the Vocal fold of the Larynx?

A
  • Inferior position
  • Reinforced by the elastic vocal ligament
  • Vocalis muscle attaches to vocal ligament
  • Superior surface covered with stratified squamous epithelium
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15
Q

What are the histological features of the Mucosa layer of the Trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Thick basement membrane
Lamina propria
-Loose fibroelastic tissue
-Lymphoid elements
-Mucous and seromucous glands
-Elastic lamina separates lamina propria from underlying submucosa (rings of fibers)

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16
Q

What are the histological features of the Submucosa layer of the Trachea?

A

Dense irregular fibroelastic connective tissue
Mucous and seromucous glands
Lymphoid elements
Rich vascular and lymph supply

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17
Q

What are the histological features of the Adventitious layer of the Trachea?

A

Fibroelastic connective tissue
C-shaped hyaline cartilages
Anchors trachea to esophagus

18
Q

What type of cartilage forms the C-shaped rings on the trachea?

A

Hyaline cartilage

-Open ends face posteriorly; joined by smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

19
Q

Where is respiratory epithelium found?

A

Trachea

20
Q

What are histological trends as you descend down the bronchial tree?

A

As you go down bronchial tree:

  • Decreasing amounts of cartilage, glands, goblet cells, and epithelial height
  • Increasing amounts of smooth muscle and elastic tissue
21
Q

How do you differentiate a bronchus from a bronchiole?

A

Bronchus: cartilage present (plates of cartilage)
Bronchiole: no cartilage

22
Q

What are the histological features of the bronchioles?

A

Epithelium:

  • Larger bronchioles = ciliated simple columnar with goblet cells
  • Smaller bronchioles = Simple cuboidal (some ciliated) with club (“Clara”) cells and no goblet cells

Lamina propria: smooth muscle; no glands and ***NO cartilage; abundant elastic fibers in connective tissue surrounding the smooth muscle

23
Q

What are the function(s) of club (“Clara”) cells?

A
  • Secretory granules in apical cytoplasm
  • Secretory product protects bronchiolar epithelium
  • Help degrade toxins via cytochrome P-450 enzymes in smoother (detoxifying)
  • Produce a surfactant-like material
  • Divide and help replenish epithelium
24
Q

Where are club (“Clara”) cells found?

A

smaller bronchioles

  • look like clubs
  • replace Goblet cells
25
Q

What is the source of pulmonary surfactant?

A

Type II Pneumocytes
Lamellar bodies
-Contain pulmonary surfactant
–Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and phosphatidylglycerol
–4 unique proteins: surfactants A, B, C, & D
Surfactant is released into the lumen
–Decreases surface tension, thus preventing collapse of the alveolus
–Produced & phagocytosed by the Type II’s and alveolar macrophages

26
Q

What is the function(s) of Type I pneumocytes?

A 
Squamous epithelial cell
Covers ~95% of alveolar surface
Slightly fewer in number than Type II’s
Extremely thin
Tight junctions formed between cells
Sit on a basal lamina (except at pores)
27
Q

What is the function(s) of Type II pneumocytes?

A 
Cuboidal in shape
Covers only 5% of alveolar surface
Slightly more numerous than Type I’s
Form tight junctions with Type I’s
Rest on a basal lamina
Membrane-bound lamellar bodies in cytoplasm
Produce pulmonary surfactant => Decreases surface tension, thus preventing collapse of the alveolus
Phagocytose excess surfactant
28
Q

What are the components of the blood-gas barrier in the lungs?

A

Surfactant and Type I pneumocytes
Fused basal laminae of Type I pneumocytes and endothelial cells of the capillaries
Capillaries are of the continuous type

29
Q

What type of blood vessel is often found in the same section of a small bronchiole?

A

Branch of pulmonary artery

30
Q

How do you tell where the terminal bronchioles end?

A

Bronchiole gets smaller and smaller, then see tiny little pockets => ALVEOLI & Respiratory bronchioles

31
Q

What structure do respiratory bronchioles terminate in to?

A

Alveolar sacs

32
Q

What are the histological features of the terminal bronchioles?

A

Epithelium
Club (“Clara”) cells and cuboidal cells
Lamina propria
Not much of it; fibroelastic tissue surrounded by one or two layers of smooth muscle

33
Q

What are the histological features of the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Similar to terminal bronchioles with the following important exception: the walls are interrupted by occasional alveoli

First place that gaseous exchange takes place!

34
Q

What are the histological features of the alveolar ducts?

A

Do not really have walls
Walls comprised of linearly arranged alveoli
Interalveolar septa reinforce the alveolar ducts
Opening of alveolus controlled by a single smooth muscle cell (form a ‘knob’)
Terminate in alveolar sacs

35
Q

What are the histological features of the alveolar sacs?

A

Clusters of alveoli at the ends of alveolar ducts

36
Q

What are the histological features of the alveoli?

A
  • Small outpocketings
  • Some alveoli connected by small pores (regulate pressure)
  • Interalveolar septum
  • -Between adjacent alveoli
  • -Lined on both sides by alveolar epithelium
37
Q

What are the components of the thinnest areas of the Interalveolar septums?

A
  • Capillary and its basal lamina

- Surfactant

38
Q

What are the components of the thicker areas of the Interalveolar septums?

A

Type III collagen, elastic fibers, macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells and lymphoid elements

39
Q

What is the vascular supply of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery branches parallel bronchial tree
Bring deoxygenated blood to lungs
Break into extensive capillary network at level of respiratory bronchioles
Venous drainage in septa between lobules (follow different path than the arteries)

Bronchial arteries
Branches of the thoracic aorta
Bring nutrient and oxygen-rich blood to bronchial tree
Bronchial veins drain into azygous system of veins

40
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the lungs?

A

Superficial system in visceral pleura
Drain into hilar lymph nodes at root of each lung
Deep network in the pulmonary interstitium (3 groups)
Follow pulmonary arteries
Follow pulmonary veins
Follow bronchial tree

CRRAB II Week 6 - WLB (11 decks)

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