Nasopharynx & Larynx - Pathoma

Question 1

What is rhinitis?

Answer 1

inflammation of nasal mucosa

Question 2

What is the most common cause of rhinitis?

Answer 2

Adenovirus

Question 3

What is the classical presentation of rhinitis?

Answer 3

• Sneezing
• Congestion
• Runny nose

Question 4

What is allergic rhinitis?

Answer 4

inflammation of nasal mucosa due to Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction
(e.g. to pollen)

Question 5

What is allergic rhinitis associated with?

Answer 5

Eczema & Asthma

Question 6

What characterizes the pathology of allergic rhinitis?

Answer 6

inflammatory infiltrate with eosinophils

Question 7

Patients with repeated rhinitis infections can develop what?

Answer 7

Nasal polyps

Question 8

What is a nasal polyp?

Answer 8

protrusion of inflammed and edematous mucosa

Question 9

What condition is associated with children with nasal polyps?

Answer 9

Cystic fibrosis

Question 10

What conditions is associated with nasal polyps in adults and is a triad of asthma, aspirin-induced bronchospasm, and nasal polyps?

Answer 10

Aspirin-Intolerant Asthma

Question 11

What is an Angiofibroma?

Answer 11

benign tumor of nasal mucosa composed of large blood vessels and fibrous tissue

Question 12

What patient population are Angiofibromas most commonly seen in?

Answer 12

adolescent males

Question 13

How do patient’s with Angiofibromas typically present?

Answer 13

profuse epistaxis

Question 14

What is Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma?

Answer 14

malignant tumor of nasopharyngeal epithelium

Question 15

What disease is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinomas?

Answer 15

Epstein Barr Virus

Question 16

What two patient populations are nasopharyngeal carcinomas most commonly seen in?

Answer 16

African children and Chinese young adults

Question 17

What is the classic presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Answer 17

chinese adults with enlarged cervical lymph nodes

Question 18

What is seen on biopsy of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Answer 18

Pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells in a background of lymphocytes

Question 19

What is the most common cause of Acute Epiglottitis?

Answer 19

H. influenza type B (especially in children nonimmunized and immunized children)

Question 20

What is the classical presentation of Acute Epiglottitis?

Answer 20

• High fever, sore throat, drooling with dysphagia
• Muffled voice
• Inspiratory stridor
• **Risk of acute airway obstruction

Question 21

What is laryngotracheobronchitis?

Answer 21

Croup

Question 22

What is the most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis?

Answer 22

Parainfluenza virus

Question 23

What do vocal cord nodules arise due to?

Answer 23

Excessive use (usually bilateral)

Question 24

What are vocal cord nodules composed of?

Answer 24

degenerative (myxoid) connective tissue

Question 25

How do patients with vocal cord noduces typically present? How do they resolve?

Answer 25

hoarseness, resolves with rest

Question 26

What is a laryngeal papilloma?

Answer 26

Benign papillary tumor of the vocal cords

Question 27

What causes laryngeal papillomas?

Answer 27

HPV 6 & 11 (low risk)

Question 28

How many laryngeal papilloma lesions are typical in adults?Children?

Answer 28

Adults - single lesion | Children - MULTIPLE

Question 29

What does laryngeal carcinoma arise from?

Answer 29

squamous cell carcinoma arising from epithelial lining of vocal cord

Question 30

What are the risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma?

Answer 30

Alcohol & Tobacco

Question 31

How does laryngeal carcinoma typically present?

Answer 31

- hoarseness - cough - stridor