Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Respiratory system histology > Flashcards

Respiratory system histology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the conducting zone?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structures make up the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What structures are considered part of the upper respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity through the start of the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which structures are considered part of the lower respiratory tract

A

larynx through the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functions of the nasal passage?

A
  1. warm and humidify air
  2. removal of retention of pathogens/particulate matter
  3. olfaction
  4. trap to drain out paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the nasal passage serve to warm and humidify inspired air?

A

Air flows in through the turbinates, which are bone shelf projections that force air into a steady flow over mucosal surfaces. This mucosa has a lamina propria layer that has a complex capillary loop system that releases heat into the inspired air. Seromucus glands release water to humidify the air and they produce mucous to trap particulate air impurities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What antibody is produced in the nasal passageway?

A

IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two types of epithelium in the nasal passageway?

A
  1. respiratory epithelium

2. Olfactory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the respiratory epithelium in the nasal passageway?

A

It covers the middle and inferior turbinates as well as rest of conducting portion of the system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located in the nasal passageway?

A

It covers the superior turbinate and roof of nasal cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 5 components of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity and tell me about them?

A
  1. Olfactory neurons: ciliated bipolar olfactory neurons with membrane chemoreceptors
  2. Supporting cells: pseudostratisfied columnar cells that support the olfactory cells
  3. basal cells: they are stem cells that replace the olfactory nerve every 2-3 months
  4. brush cells: columnar cells with microvilli. They have afferent connections to CN V
  5. Lamina Propria: contains Bowman’s glands (olfactory glands) that produce liquid to facilitate odor detection.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is it important for the larynx to be lined with cartilage?

A

protection and it also helps participate in sound production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the lingual surface of the larynx made of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The vestibular folds of the larynx also contain what two histological features?

A
  1. glands

2. lymphoid nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What covers the vocal cords?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of epithelium is in the region of the vestibules of the nasal cavity?

A

Stratified squamous, keratinized to non-keratinized Sebaceous/sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of muscle and skeletal support are in the vestibules of the nasal cavity?

A

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the main function and other features of the vestibules of the nasal cavity?

A

Vibrissae (stiff hairs) and moisture both filter and humidify air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of epithelium is in most areas of the nasal cavity?

A

respiratory seromucous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of muscle and skeletal support is in most areas of the nasal cavity?

A

Bone and hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the major functions of most areas of the nasal cavity and what are other features that accompany those?

A

Rich vasculature and glands warm, humidify, and clean the air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of epithelium is in the superior areas of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory serous glands (Bowmans glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of muscle and skeletal support is in the superior part of the nasal cavity?

A

ethmoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the superior nasal cavity?

A

solubilize and detect odorant molecules in the air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of epithelium line the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory, stratified squamous, and seromucous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of muscle and skeletal support are in the nasopharynx?

A

Bone and skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a function of the nasopharynx and what are some key features in the nasopharynx?

A

To conduct air to larynx; pharyngeal and palatine tonsils

28
Q

What is the epithelium found in the larynx?

A

respiratory, stratified squamous, mucous glands

29
Q

What muscle and skeletal support are in the larynx?

A

elastic and hyaline cartilage, ligaments, skeletal muscle

30
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A
  1. site for phonation

2. epiglottis closes while swallowing

31
Q

What is the epithelium that lines the trachea?

A

respiratory, mucous glands (goblet cells), Basal Cells (progenitor cells)

32
Q

What type of muscle and skeletal support are in the trachea?

A

cartilage rings of hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle (trachealis)

33
Q

What is the function of the trachea and what is a major feature of the trachea?

A

To conduct air to primary bronchi; mucous associated lymphatic tissue

34
Q

How many C shaped hyaline cartilage rings are there in the trachea?

A

16-20

35
Q

How long is the trachea? What is its diameter?

A

100-120 mm long; 25 mm diameter

36
Q

what is the muscle that pulls the anterior part of the cartilage rings together?

A

trachealis muscle

37
Q

What are the three layers of the trachea and what are they made of?

A
  1. Mucosa: respiratory epithelium
  2. Lamina propria (tunica fibromusculocartilaginea): Mixed seromucus glands are located in this submucosa.
  3. Tunica adventitia: CT
38
Q

What are the two purposes for the trachealis muscle?

A
  1. To more easily allow for swallowing

2. To narrow the opening so air can be expelled more forcefully like in a cough.

39
Q

How many times does the bronchial tree branch?

A

23

40
Q

What is the range of diameter in the bronchial tree?

A

25 mm at the trachea and 0.5 mm and terminal bronchioles

41
Q

As one descends down the respiratory tract, what histological trends will you find (5)?

A
  1. Epithelium height will decrease
  2. Cartilage rings will be replaced by isolated blocks or irregular plates then go away altogether at level of bronchioles.
  3. Trachealis muscle is replaced with bundles of smooth muscle that spiral around the airways
  4. Amount of elastic fibers and smooth muscle proportionally increases.
  5. Goblet cells and glands proportionally decrease.
  6. Bronchus associated lymphatic tissue will increase (BALT)
42
Q

What are the three layers of the lamina propria and what are they made of?

A
  1. Mucosa: Resp. epithelium, but as it descends it becomes simple ciliated columnar.
  2. Lamina Propria: Smooth muscle, elastic tissue, (in primary) cartilage rings that give way to plates in secondary bronchi and down.
  3. Tunica Adventitia: CT
43
Q

What type of epithelium are in the bronchioles?

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelium with some goblet cells

44
Q

Where does cartilage stop in the respiratory tract?

A

bronchioles

45
Q

What is the most predominant tissue in the bronchioles?

A

smooth muscle

46
Q

What type of epithelium and cells are in terminal bronchioles?

A

simple cuboidal ciliated cells, also club cells

47
Q

What are club cells?

A

club shaped, non-ciliated cells found in terminal bronchioles. They have secretory granules and secrete surfactant and antimicrobial peptides. They are also progenitor cells.

48
Q

What is different about the smooth muscle tissue in terminal bronchioles vs higher-up bronchioles?

A

There is not as much smooth muscle here.

49
Q

How many alveoli are there in the lungs?

A

300 million per lung

50
Q

What is the transition zone and where is it located?

A

The area that separates the conduction zone from the respiration zone. This occurs as the terminal bronchioles become respiratory bronchioles.

51
Q

What type of epithelium are in the alveoli?

A

simple squamous epithelium

52
Q

What separates alveoli?

A

inter-alveoli septa

53
Q

How are alveoli connected to each other?

A

By alveolar pores also known as pores of Kohn.

54
Q

What are some pros and cons of alveolar pores?

A

Pros:

  1. They can distribute air evenly and equalize pressure
  2. They will help prevent total loss of ventilation in event of bronchiole being blocked

Cons: can allow the spread of bacteria and neoplasms

55
Q

What are the 3 types of alveolar cells?

A
  1. Type 1 pneumocyte
  2. Type II pneumocyte
  3. Dust cell
56
Q

How are type I pneumocytes joined together?

A

tight junctions

57
Q

How much of the alveolar surface do type I pneumocytes make up?

A

95%

58
Q

What do type I pneumocytes do?

A

Make a very thin wall for gas exchange.

59
Q

What do type II pneumocytes look like?

A

Larger cuboidal cells

60
Q

What do type II pneumocytes do?

A

Make surfactant and serve and progenitor cells for tissue renewal.

61
Q

What do dust cells do?

A

They are macrophages and eat “stuff”

62
Q

How far down in the respiratory tract does epithelium go?

A

All the way

63
Q

How far down in the respiratory tract do goblet cells go?

A

They end right before terminal bronchioles

64
Q

How far down in the respiratory tract do ciliated cells go?

A

They end in respiratory bronchioles

65
Q

How far down in the respiratory tract do glands go?

A

They end right before terminal bronchioles

66
Q

How far down in the respiratory tract does hyaline cartilage go?

A

They end right before bronchioles

67
Q

How far down in the respiratory tract does smooth muscle go?

A

They end in alveolar ducts

Histology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions