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Histology > Acid/Base Regulation > Flashcards

Acid/Base Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the physiological pH of the body?

A

7.4

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2
Q

What are the three definitions of acids/bases?

A
  1. Arrhenius: Acids increase H+ concentration and bases increase OH- concentration
  2. Bronsted-Lowry: Acids donate protons, bases accept protons (will not necessarily increase OH-)
  3. Lewis: Acids accept electrons, bases donate electrons
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3
Q

What are some biological effects of altered H+ concentration?

A
  1. protein folding and confirmation
  2. Ion currents
  3. Ligand-receptor interactions
  4. muscle contraction
  5. Cell proliferation
  6. Most biochemistry operates best at physiological pH
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4
Q

How do concentration levels and regulation compare between Na+ and H+ in the ECF around a cell?

A

There is about 3.5 million times Na as there is H, but H has about one millionth of the variation as Na. Hydrogen ions are much more tightly regulated than Na.

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5
Q

How does aerobic metabolism create H+ ions?

A

It creates CO2, which formed bicarbonate and dissociates into HCO3- and H+

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6
Q

What is the catalyst to speeding up the dissociation of bicarbonate into HCO3- and H+

A

carbonic anhydrase

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7
Q

Which acid/s is/are volatile?

A

carbonic acid

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8
Q

Which acid/s is/are nonvolatile?

A

All other acids other than carbonic acid

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9
Q

As levels of CO2 decrease, the pH of the body will…?

A

increase

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10
Q

What does blood pH tell you?

A

The ratio between the conjugate base and acid, therefore telling you the amount of H+

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11
Q

Too much H+ in the blood is called?

A

acidemia

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12
Q

What is the difference between acidemia and acidosis?

A

Acidosis is the blanket term for acidemia.

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13
Q

Too little H+ in the blood is called?

A

Alkalemia

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14
Q

What is the difference between alkalemia and alkalosis?

A

Alkalosis is the blanket term for alkalemia.

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15
Q

What are three ways pH is controlled in the body?

A
  1. Lungs: can remove CO2 (rapid-minutes)
  2. Kidneys: removes H+, retains HCO3- (slow- days)
  3. Buffering: resists pH change (instantaneous)
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16
Q

True or False. Buffering is a process of equalizing pH in an instantaneous fashion by removing H+ from the ECF.

A

False

17
Q

If the body’s pH decreases, what will happen to the rate of ventilation?

A

increase

18
Q

how does the kidney regulate pH?

A

by either excreting acidic or basic urine.

19
Q

which regulatory organ can only deal with volatile acids?

A

Lungs

20
Q

Which organ can deal with either volatile or nonvolatile acids?

A

Kindeys

21
Q

How would the kidneys best serve to raise the pH of the body?

A

To retain HCO3. This is better than excreting H+

22
Q

Excreting 1 HCO3 is equivalent to adding or subtracting how many H+ ions?

A

it is equivalent to adding 1 H+

23
Q

bicarbonate is important in buffering in which location of the body?

A

ECF

24
Q

phosphate is important in buffering in which locations?

A

intracellular fluid and the renal tubules

25
Q

What are the three molecules that can act as a buffer?

A
  1. bicarbonate
  2. phosphate
  3. proteins (negatively charged)
26
Q

protein is important in buffering in which locations?

A

intracellular and extracellular

27
Q

What is Ka?

A

The inverse of the association constant. It is ratio-ly dependent of the concentration of the component parts.

28
Q

When is the pH equal to the pKa?

A

When [A-] is the same as [HA].

29
Q

When are buffers most effective?

A

When the buffer capacity is plus or minus 1 pH.

30
Q

Can buffers change the pH?

A

No, they help a solution RESIST a change in pH.

31
Q

What are the most important regulators of intracellular pH?

A
  1. Ion transporters
  2. protein buffering
  3. phosphate buffer system
32
Q

What is the pH inside of cells?

A

7.1

33
Q

What is respiratory acidosis or alkalosis?

A

a condition pertaining to the increase or decrease in blood CO2.

34
Q

What is metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?

A

Disturbance in blood pH that relate to HCO3- levels. Generally they have their roots in kidney function.

Histology (5 decks)

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