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Exercise Physiology > respiratory system chp 10 > Flashcards

respiratory system chp 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ventilation?

A

mechanical process moving air into & out of lung

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2
Q

What is respiration? “pulmonary”

A

exchange of gas in lungs

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3
Q

pulmonary inspiration is (internal/external)?

A

External

  • it brings O2 from outside the body into the lungs
  • exchanges 02 for CO2 at the lungs
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4
Q

Cellular Respiration

- which was does O2 move?

A

O2 moves into the cells (down its gradient)

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5
Q

Cellular Respiration

- which way does CO2 move?

A

CO2 moves out of the cells, into the blood

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6
Q

What is O2 being used for in Cellular Respiration?

A

Cellular metabolism

- final acceptor for electron transport chain!

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7
Q

What are the lungs enclosed in?

A

pleura

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8
Q

What pleura lines the outter surface of the lungs?

A

visceral

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9
Q

Which pleura is lining the thoracic cavity?

A

parietal

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10
Q

Is the space inbetween the parietal and visceral pleura + or -

A

ALWAYS (-)

** if it was + the lung would collapse

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11
Q

What is included in the conducting zone?

A
  1. trachea
  2. bronchi
  3. bronchioles
  4. terminal bronchioles
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12
Q

What is the job of the conducting zone?

A

to move & filter air (warms it up for the lungs)

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13
Q

What are the components of the respiratory zone

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveolar sacs
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14
Q

What is the job of the respiratory zone?

A

Gas exchange bw air & blood

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15
Q

What are alveoli?

A

tiny sacs where gas exchange occurs in lungs

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16
Q

How many cell layers thick are alveoli?

A

1!- helps increase diffusion rate!

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17
Q

What do they produce to make sure they dont collapse?

A

SURFACTANT!

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18
Q

What makes up the respiratory membrane?

A
  1. alveolar cell
  2. capillary membrane

2 layers thick!

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19
Q

What muscles do you use for inspiration??

A
  1. diaphragm!!! - most important
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20
Q

Do the lungs expand or contract upon inspiration?

A

expand

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21
Q

Which was does the diaphragm move during inspiration?

A

down + forward

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22
Q

During inspiration what happens to intrapleural pressure?

A

decreases (gets more - )

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23
Q

What muscles work during passive expiration?

A

NONE- its passive bc the lungs are elastic and recoil

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24
Q

what muscles work during exercising expiration?

A

rectus abdominus & internal oblique

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25
Q

What happens to the intrapulmonary pressure during expiration?

A

it increases!

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26
Q

where is the greatest resistance to airflow?

A

medium-sized bronchi

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27
Q

what factor alters resistance to airflow

A

diameter of the airway!

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28
Q

tidal volume

A

gas moved per breath

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29
Q

anatomical dead space

A

air that stays in the lungs and doesnt move

“unused ventilation”

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30
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

volume of inspired gas that reaches the respiratory zone

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31
Q

vital capacity

A

max amount of gas expired after max inspiration

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32
Q

residual volume

A

volume of gas remaining in lungs after max epiration

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33
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

gas in the lungs after max inspiration

vital capacity + residual volume

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34
Q

What are you increasing the get the most alveolar ventilation? (tidal volume or frequency?)

A

TIDAL VOLUME

- BIG WAVES

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35
Q

Fick’s law

A

rate of gas transfer (V) is proportional to the tissue area (A) & difference in partial pressure (P1-P2) & diffusion coefficient (D)

V= A/T x D x (P1-P2)

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36
Q

If you increase the tissue surface area what happens to the diffusion of gas?

A

increases

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37
Q

increasing the diffusion coefficient does what to the rate of diffusion?

A

increases it

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38
Q

if you increase the tissue thickness what does it do to the diffusion?

A

decreases it

39
Q

Daltons Law

A

total pressure of a gas mixture = the sum of each individual pressure

40
Q

what is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

760 mm Hg

41
Q

partial pressure of O2 at sea level

A

21%

42
Q

partial pressure of N2

A

79%

43
Q

partial pressure of CO2

A

.03%

44
Q

Co2 is how many more times soluble than O2?

A

20

45
Q

which gas is essentially insoluble in blood ?

A

N2

46
Q

what is the major factor that determines the amount of dissolved gas?

A

partial pressure

47
Q

where does o2 diffuse from

A

alveolus

48
Q

what does co2 diffuse into?

A

alveolus

49
Q

pressure in the pulmonary system are relatively low when compare to what?

A

systemic

50
Q

what causes low pressures in the pulmonary system?

A

low vascular resistance

51
Q

ideal ventilation to perfusion ratio

A

1

52
Q

o2 is carried to the blood via what?

A

hemoglobin

53
Q

what happens to bond strength btw hemoglobin & o2 with temp increase

A

weakens

54
Q

what happens to strength of the bond btw hemoglobin and o2 when ph decreases

A

bond weakens

55
Q

combination of hemoglobin and o2 in the lungs

A

loading

56
Q

release of o2 from hemoglobin @ the tissues

A

unloading

57
Q

what happens when more o2 is unloaded to working muscles?

A

vasodilation (increase blood flow)

extract o2 @ a greater %

58
Q

what factors affect o2 carrying capacity & extraction during exercise?

A

temp

ph

59
Q

how do we carry co2?

A

bicarbonate

60
Q

what is the significance of the cl- shift?

A

replaces bicarbonate to create balance

61
Q

function of carbonic anhydrase?

A

enzyme that catalyzes bicarbonate reaction

62
Q

what is the best stimulus to increase ventilation

A

Co2

63
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. provide gas exchange bw environment & body

2. regulate acid-base during exercise

64
Q

What happens if co2 concentration increases in alveoli ?

A

Decrease in perfusion

Increase in ventilation

65
Q

What happens when there’s a decrease in O2?

A

Decrease in ventilation

Increase in perfusion

66
Q

The apex of the lung is (over/under) ventilated oand (over/under) perfused?

A

Over ventilated

Under perfused

67
Q

The base of the lung is (over/under) ventilated and (over/under) perfused?

A

Under

Over

68
Q

Which increases most rapidly in the transition from rest to steady-state exercise?

A

Metabolism

Ventilation is less rapidly increased !!!!

69
Q

What is the effect of metabolism increasing more rapidly than ventilation in exercise?

A

Initial decrease in PO2

70
Q

What causes an increase in ventilation in hot/humid enviro

A

Increase in breathing frequency and dead space

71
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Low PO2

72
Q

Who is exercise induced hypoxemia more prominent in? (Male or females)

A

Females

73
Q

Blood spends a reduced amount of time in the pulmonary capillary causing a lower PO2

A

Exercise induced hypoxemia

74
Q

What can exercise induced hypoxia cause

A

Ventilation perfusion mismatch (what I just described on the last slide)

75
Q

What controls the contraction and relaxation of the respiratory muscles?

A

Somatic motor neurons (which are controlled via the medulla oblongata)

76
Q

What is the “group pacemaker hypothesis”

A

Firing of several clusters of neurons in the brain stem that generate breathing

77
Q

The pacemaker theory suggest that regulation of breathing is under what type of control?

A

Redundant control

78
Q

What is neural input to the respiratory system?

A

Input from neurons excited by means other than blood-borne stimuli

79
Q

Can neural input be afferent or efferent?

A

BOTH!

80
Q

Humoral input to the respiratory system come from 2 receptors via blood-borne stimuli

A
  1. Central chemoreceptors

2. Peripheral chemoreceptors

81
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located

A

Medulla

82
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located

A

Aortic arch and common carotid a.

83
Q

Ventilation increases as a ____ function of increasing PCO2?

A

linear

84
Q

The rise in blood _____ ions observed @ the lactate threshold can stimulate ____

A

H+

ventilation

85
Q

interaction of both ____ and ___ input to the respiratory control center increases ______ during exercise

A

neural & chemoreceptors

ventilation

86
Q

provide the primary drive to breathe during submax exercise

A

efferent neural mechanisms

87
Q

provides a means of precisely matching ventilation with amount of co2 produced via metabolism during submax exercise

A

humural chemoreceptors & neural feedback

88
Q

pulmonary ventilation/ oxygen consumption

A

VE/VO2

89
Q

easily moved (ventilation/respiration)

A

ventilation

90
Q

easily exchanged (ventilation/respiration)

A

respiration

91
Q

o2 into the blood, co2 into alveoli

A

external (pulmonary)

92
Q

o2 into the tissue, co2 into the blood

A

internal (cellular)

93
Q

when there is a rise in CO2 there needs to be _____ to ____ ventilation

A

vasodilation

increase

94
Q

___ has a greater affinity for o2

A

hemoglobin

Exercise Physiology (6 decks)

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