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Biology 20AP > Respiratory System and Muscles > Flashcards

Respiratory System and Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

External Respiration

A

Exchange of air between the lungs and the environment

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2
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood cells and body cells

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3
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Reaction of glucose and oxygen into water, carbon dioxide, and ATP

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4
Q

Nasal Cavity

A
  • filters the air with cilia and mucus
  • moistens and warms the air before it enters the lungs
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5
Q

Pharynx

A
  • proceeds the nasal cavity
  • back of mouth
  • branches into two openings
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6
Q

Trachea

A
  • mucus producing ciliated cells (secondary filter)
  • supported by C-shaped cartilaginous bands (keeps it open)
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7
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny hairlike structures that sweep away foreign debris

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8
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • supported by the larynx
  • closes the trachea (glottis) when swallowing
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9
Q

Larynx

A
  • composed of two thin sheets of elastic ligaments that vibrate when air is forced out of them
  • also known as vocal chords, voice box
  • protected by a thick band of cartilage called the Adam’s apple
  • above the trachea
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10
Q

Bronchi

A
  • proceeds the trachea as two tubes
  • contains bands of cartilage
  • carries air to left and right lungs
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11
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • proceeds the bronchi as multiple small airways
  • muscles of the bronchi can decrease diameter
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12
Q

Alveoli

A
  • proceeds the bronchioles as tiny sacs
  • surround by capillaries (pulmonary)
  • lipoprotein prevents alveoli from adhearing
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13
Q

Pleural Membrane

A
  • surrounds the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity
  • fluid of low friction seperates the membranes making it easier to inhale
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14
Q

Diaphram

A
  • shaped liked a parachute
  • seperates the chest and abdominal cavity
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15
Q

Intercostal Muscles

A
  • causes the ribs to move
  • found between the ribs
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16
Q

Breathing Movements

A
  • Inhalation
    Muscles in the diaphram contract/flex, diaphram flattens, decreases pressure in the chest cavity, increasing volume of the lungs, air is drawn into the lungs, external intercostal lift the ribs
  • Exhalation
    Muscles in the diaphram expand/relax, diaphram extends, increases pressure in the chest cavity, decreasing volume of the lungs, air is forced out of the lungs, internal intercostals pull down the ribs
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17
Q

Partial Pressure

A

The pressure a specific gas exerts when in a mixture

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18
Q

Transportation of Oxygen in Blood

A
  • mostly in hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
  • small amount dissolved in plasma (blood)
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19
Q

Transportation of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

A
  • mostly within the bicarbonate buffer system
  • some in carbaminoglobin (when hemoglobin releases oxygen to body cells and binds to carbon dioxide)
  • small amount dissolved in plasma (blood)
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20
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • composed of four polypeptides composed of heme (iron) and protein
  • iron atoms bond to the oxygen dissolved in the plasma
  • binding of oxygen increases the hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
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21
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A
  • hemoglobin bound to oxygen
  • oxygen begins to dissociate at the capillaries when the partial pressure drops and the oxygen diffues into body tissue
22
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

Catalyzes the reaction of carbonic acid (keeps the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the plasma low)

23
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A
  • carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate atoms and hydrogen ions
  • hemoglobin binds to the hydrogen from the solution reducing the pH of the blood
  • bicarbonate is transported in the venous blood
  • when the venous blood reaches the lungs, oxygen bind to the hemoglobin casuging the hydrogen ions to dissociate from the hemoglobin
  • hydrogen ions combine with the bicarbonate to form carbonic acid which then dissociates into carbon dioxide and water
  • carbon dioxide is elimated through exhalation
24
Q

Carbon Dioxide Chemoreceptors

A
  • primary monitoring system
  • found in the medulla oblongata
  • high levels of carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, hydrogen ions, sends a message to the respiratory muscles to increase breathing rate
25
Q

Oxygen Chemoreceptors

A
  • secondary monitering system (backup system when oxygen is low but carbon dioxide remains unaffected)
  • found in the arteries (cartoid and aortic bodies)
  • low levels of oxygen sends a message to the medulla to increase breathing rate
26
Q

Heat Exchange

A
  • more prominent in birds and mammals
  • heat is exchange between blood vessels and air
27
Q

Response to Exercise

A
  • ventilation of alveoli can increase up to 20 times
  • muscles produce more carbon dioxide and use more oxygen
  • brain increases breathing movements
  • lung exchanges more carbon dioxide and oxygen
  • kidneys remove excess acid from blood
  • release of epinephrine (adrenal glands) which increases breathing
28
Q

Bronchitis

A
  • inflammation of the bronchioles
  • type of COPD
  • caused by bacterial/viral infections, smoking
  • results in narrowing of passages , tissue swelling, excess production of mucus, and decreased air movement through the bronchioles
29
Q

Emphysema

A
  • inflammation of the alveoli
  • type of COPD
  • mostly caused by smoking (can proceed from chronic bronchitis)
  • results in the eventually rupturing of air sacs, difficulty exhaling, less surface area for gas exchange, decreased oxygen levels
30
Q

Athasma

A

Narrowing of/spasms of the mucles around the airways in the bronchioles

31
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • collapsed lung
  • collection of air within the pleural membranes
  • caused by illness or traumatic injury
  • results in difficulty inhaling
32
Q

Lung Cancer

A

Abnormal growth of cells in the lung causing a tumour (group of cancerous cells)

33
Q

Total Lung Capactiy

A

Maximum amount of air that the lung holds

34
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Maximum amount of air can be forcibly exhaled after a deep inhale

35
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Amount of air exhaled or inhaled during a normal breath

36
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

37
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

38
Q

Residual Volume

A

Remaining air left in the lungs after avalaible air is exhaled

39
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

IRV + TV

40
Q

Functional Reserve Capacity

A

ERV + RV

41
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • heart muscles
  • involuntary
  • striated
  • self-Excitatory
  • contracts the heart and keeps blood flowing
42
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • lines many organs (mostly hollow)
  • facilitates smooth muscle contractions (peristalsis)
  • involuntary
  • moves internal contents out of/through organs
43
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • muscles attached to bones by tendons
  • voluntary
  • multinucleated
  • striated
  • controlled by the central nervous system
  • always works in pairs (antagonistic muscles)
  • enables movement, speech, blinking
  • contributes to heat production
44
Q

Skeletal Muscle Composition

A
  • composed of bundles of cells called fiber
  • fibers are enclosed in a membrane called sarcolemma
  • fibers are made up myofilament bundles
  • two main types: actin (thin, light) and myosin (thick, dark)
  • an indivual section of myofilament is called a sarcomere
45
Q

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers

A
  • contracts slowly and resist fatigue
  • surrounded by more blood vessels and have more mitochondira
  • Type I fibres
  • are red
46
Q

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

A
  • contract quickly and gives more power
  • depends on anaerobic energy
  • rich in glycogen
  • fewer blood vessels and mitochondria
  • Type II fibres
47
Q

Type IIA

A
  • red fast
  • intermediate resistance to fatigue
  • long-term anaerobic activity
48
Q

Type IIX

A
  • white fast
  • low resitance to fatigue
  • short-term anaeromic activity
49
Q

Tetanus

A
  • state of constant contraction
  • caused by bacteria
50
Q

Muscle Spasms

A
  • involuntary contraction of muscle
  • caused by pinched nerve, dehydration, lack of sleep

Biology 20AP (11 decks)

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