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Biology 20AP > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Lymphactic System

A
  • proteins accumulated in the EFC are returned to the circulatory system (veins)
  • contains lymph vessels (similar to veins)
  • low pressure and operates on slow muscle contractions
  • contains one-way valves
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2
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic System

A
  1. Asorb excess tissue fluid and proteins and redirect them back to the blood
  2. Asborb digestied fats from the small intestine
  3. Fight infection and remove foreign materials from the blood
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3
Q

Lymph

A
  • a fluid similar to blood plasma
  • transported in lymph vessels
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4
Q

Lymph Node

A
  • mass of lymph vessles
  • stores lymphocytes
  • removes bacteria, damaged cells, and foreign particles from the lymph
  • major points at the groin, armits, and throat
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5
Q

Lymphocyte

A
  • a white blood cell that produces antibodies
  • a T cell or a B cell
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6
Q

Spleen

A
  • lymphoid organ
  • stores blood
  • filtering site for lymph
  • releases stored blood in situations of low blood pressure, drop in blood oxygen levels, or when epinephrine is released
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7
Q

Thymus Gland

A
  • lymphoid organ
  • stores T cells (training centre)
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8
Q

Composition of blood

A

55% plasma
45% RBCs
>1% WBCs

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9
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid portion of the blood
- contains 90% water (fluid tissue)
- contains blood proteins, glucose, vitamens, minerals, dissolved gasses, and waste products from cellular respiration

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10
Q

Albumin

A

Plasma protein that establishes osmotic pressure that draws water into the capillaries and maintains body fuids

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11
Q

Globulins

A

Plasma protein that provides protection against invading microbes

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12
Q

Stem cell

A
  • cells capable of becoming many types of cells
  • bone marrow stem cell: blood cell
  • embryonic cell: any body cell
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13
Q

Fibrinogens

A

Plasma protein helpful for clotting

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14
Q

Erythrocyte

A
  • also known as red blood cell
  • responsible for transporting oxygen to body cells
  • shaped like a biconcave disc (better diffusion)
  • moderate size, large amount
  • does not contain nucleus (enucleated)
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15
Q

Anemia

A
  • deficiency in hemoglobin or red blood cells
  • caused by lack of oxygen due to decreased red blood cells or iron
  • leads to less energy
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16
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • white blood cell
  • large size, small amount
  • does have a nucleus
  • protects against invading microbes
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17
Q

Platelets

A
  • also known as thrombocytes
  • small size, moderate amount
  • causes clotting
  • releases thromboplastin which reacts with prothombin and fibronogen to help with clotting
  • calcium involved
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18
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot that blocks a blood vessel

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19
Q

Embolus

A

A blood clot that dislodges into the blood vessel and is carried to another part of the body

20
Q

ABO Blood Type Groups

A

Type A: glycoprotein A marker
Type B: glycoprotein B marker
Type AB: both markers
Type O: neither marker
ABO blood type groups are inherited (dominant and recessive traits)
The blood naturally has antibodies against the antigens it doesn’t have

21
Q

Antigen

A

A substance, usually a protein, that stimulates the formation of an antibody

22
Q

Antibody

A

A protein formed within the blood that reacts with an antigen (causes microbes to clump)

23
Q

Agglutination

A

The clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies

24
Q

Rhesus Factor

A

Rh+: rhesus factor
Rh-: no rhesus factor
Rhesus factor is inherited (dominant and recessive trait)
Rh- blood will make antibodies for Rh+ blood after exposure

25
Q

First Line of Defense

A
  • skin and mucous membranes
  • acid secretions of the skin
  • Lysozyme in human secretions (destroys cell walls of bacteria)
  • mucous and cilia in respiratory tract
  • acids and protein-digesting enzymes in the stomach
26
Q

Second Line of Defense

A
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
  • phagocytes
  • inflammitory response
27
Q

Histamines

A
  • causes the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable
  • responsible for allergic reactions
28
Q

Third Line of Defense

A
  • compliment proteins
  • T cells
  • B cells and antibodies
29
Q

Nonspecific Response

A
  • response that occurs within hours of an antigens appearence
  • rapid and generalized protection
  • fever, inflammation, fatigue
30
Q

Specific Response

A
  • targeted defense mechanism
  • production of antibodies and specialized immune cells
  • adaptive
31
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of bacteria and other materials by phagocytes

32
Q

Macrophages

A
  • develop from monocytes
  • extend long protrutions (pseudopods) that attach to the microbe
  • the microbe is engulfed and destroyed by phagocytosis
  • fixed cells reside in the spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic vessels to filter out microbes
33
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • attracted to chemicals given off by attacked tissue
  • digest the attacker by phagocytosis which destroys the invader and itself
34
Q

Pus

A

A combination of dead white blood cell, digested invader, and protein

35
Q

Inflammitory Response

A
  • nonspecific immune response
  • swelling, redness, heat, and pain
36
Q

Reaction to Injuries

A
  1. Chemical signals released by invaders and damaged cells
  2. Chemical signals cause the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable
  3. Phagocytes and specialized white blood cells are attracted to the area
  4. Phagocytes digest the invaders and cellular debris
37
Q

Compliment Proteins

A
  • antimicrobial plasma proteins
  • marker proteins from invaders activate compliment proteins as messengers
  • group one: seals the invader and immobilizes it
  • group two: make holes in the invader’s cell membrane
  • group three: mark the invader for phagocytosis
38
Q

T cell

A
  • produced in the bone marrow and stored in the thymus gland
  • seeks out the intruder and signals for attack
  • identifies the invader by its antigens
  • dies off after a few days after infection (some will remain)
39
Q

B cells

A
  • made and stored in the bone marrow
  • produces antibodies for the antigen
  • dies off after a few days after infection (some will remain)
40
Q

Antibody

A
  • Y shaped proteins specialized in targeting invaders
  • varies in the binding site for each microbe
  • can also bind to toxins
  • attaches to viruses to prevent them from binding to body cells
41
Q

Helper T cells

A
  • aquires the antigen markers from the macrophage
  • releases lymphokine which acts a chemical messenger between other T cells and B cells
  • signals the B cells to multiply and release antibodies
  • activates killer T cells
42
Q

Killer T cells

A
  • punctures the cell membrane of invaders
  • can attack infected body cells and mutated cells
43
Q

Suppresor T cells

A
  • regulates the immune response
44
Q

Memory B cell

A
  • remebers the antigen of invaders
  • identifies invaders in second exposure and mobilize the B cells
  • remains for long periods of time
  • provides immunity for the individual
45
Q

Immonodeficiency

A
  • the immune system has decreased or no function
46
Q

Autoimmune Disorder

A
  • the immune system recognizes normal body tissue as harmful
47
Q

Allergies

A
  • body recognizes harmful antigens as invaders

Biology 20AP (11 decks)

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