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Respiratory > Respiratory system anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory system anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway of air from the nose to the alveoli?

A

nose, nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, segmental bronchi and alveoli

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2
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Lined with simple squamous epithelium and involved in gaseous exchange

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3
Q

What is included in the upper airways?

A

Nasal cavities, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx and larynx

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4
Q

Describe the shape and structure of the nasal cavities

A
  • Triangular, medial and inferior walls are smooth but lateral wall has hair
  • Mucosa covers three scroll-like plates of bones called the conchae (middle, inferior and superior)
  • Has a complex and important vascular and nerve supply
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5
Q

What happens to air inside the nasal cavities?

A

It is warmed and humidified so that the lower respiratory tract doesn’t get dried out or cold

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6
Q

During expiration, what happens to the temperature of the expired air?

A

The air is cooled as the nasal cavity was cooled during inhalation. Water is also retained from the air via condensation.

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7
Q

Why does the nasal cavity have resistance?

A

The hair and mucus causes resistance and enables the particles to be trapped.

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8
Q

What is the importance of nasal resistance during exercise?

A

More oxygen is needed whilst exercising and due to resistance, air must be taken in through the mouth

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9
Q

What is the other role of the nasal cavity?

A

It is important for sense of smell - olfactory tract has epithelium with specialized nerve supply

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10
Q

How many paranasal sinuses are there?

A

4

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11
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses and where are they located?

A

Maxillary sinus - around nose
Frontal sinus - above medial end of eyebrow
Ethmoid sinus - corner of eye
Sphenoid sinus - behind eye (from anterior view appears on bridge of nose)

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12
Q

Why is the maxillary sinus prone to

A

The drainage area is near where the sinus opening is so not all the fluid is drained hence hard to clear infection

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13
Q

What are the roles of the sinuses?

A

Reducing weight of facial bones, insulation (from temperature changes and for brain), resonator of sound, and protection during trauma

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14
Q

How are the larynx, trachea and bronchi kept open?

A

Plates or cartilage

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15
Q

How are the nasal cavities and pharynx opened?

A

They are attached to bone

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16
Q

How are the alveoli and bronchioles kept open?

A

Phospholipid causes surface tension

17
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

18
Q

Where is the nasopharynx?

A

Behind the nasal cavity

19
Q

Where is the oropharynx?

A

Behind the tongue and has tonsils

20
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx?

A

Behind larynx where water and food coexist

21
Q

What is the larynx located?

A

Superior and posterior to thyroid, superior to trachea

22
Q

What is the role of the larynx?

A

To allow sound to be varied

23
Q

What is the arytenoid cartilage?

A

It is attached to vocal ligaments which control entry into the larynx. They allow the vocal cords to move

24
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

C shaped cartilage, around 20. Anterior surface has epithelium and posterior has muscle (for swallowing),
C shape opening on posterior side

25
Q

At which vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

T4 (sternal angle)

26
Q

What happens to the amount of cartilage as the bronchi branch more?

A

It decreases and amount of smooth muscle increases

27
Q

What is the blood-air barrier?

A

The barrier between the capillary and alveoli - it prevents air bubbles from forming and also stops any blood getting into the lungs.

28
Q

How does oxygen get from alveoli into blood?

A

Diffusion down the pressure gradient - pO2 - 100 in alveoli and 40 in blood

29
Q

What is the diaphragm attached to?

A

Costal margin

30
Q

Which two muscles are involved in breathing?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

31
Q

What does expansion of pleural cavities lead to?

A

Drop in pleural pressure

32
Q

During inhalation, which part of the pleural cavity is occupied which is normally empty?

A

The costo-diaphragmatic recess (the diaphragm normally is domed up)

33
Q

Which motor nerve innervates the diaphragm, and which vertebral levels is it from?

A

Phrenic nerve

C3,4 and 5

34
Q

Which part of the larynx allows air into it?

A

The epiglottis (flap)

35
Q

What are the nasal conchae?

A

bone in the nasal cavities- increase SA for air to be warm and moisturized

36
Q

What is the Adam’s Apple?

A

Caused by the thryoid cartilage - angle where the two sides meet.

Respiratory (23 decks)

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