Exercise physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which three system are involved in exercise and breathing - in which order?

A

Muscle
Heart and blood
Lungs

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2
Q

During aerobic respiration, why do you have to breathe out more?

A

More carbon dioxide is made and do more breathing to remove the carbon dioxide

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3
Q

How is the amount of CO2 made during lipid metabolism different to glucose metabolism?

A

During lipid metabolism, less CO2 is made per oxygen molecule (less breathing required so useful during ventilation of patients

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4
Q

What is the ratio of C02 production to O2 consumption called?

A
respiratory quotient (muscles)
respiratory exchange quotient (mouth)
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5
Q

How is the amount of CO2 made during protein metabolism different to glucose metabolism?

A

Protein is more efficient than glucose (less CO2 made) but less than lipid

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6
Q

What is the theoretical maximum for RQ (glucose)?

A

1

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7
Q

What happens to RQ when anaerobic respiration occurs, and why?

A

RQ goes above one as oxygen consumption doesn’t increase but CO2 production does.

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8
Q

Seated at rest, how much oxygen does the average sized human require?

A

3.5ml/min/kg

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9
Q

Why does stroke volume decrease the faster the heart rate goes (beyond a certain point)?

A

The heart doesn’t have enough time to fill completely

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10
Q

Which two things must occur to increases oxygen consumption?

A

Cardiac output and more oxygen is extracted from the blood by the muscles
allow you to increase your oxygen consumption.

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11
Q

What is the equation for VO2 (oxygen consumption)?

A

VO2 = Cardiac output * (a-v) O2 content [means extraction]

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12
Q

How can a person who isn’t getting enough oxygen due to a muscle problem be identified?

A

mitochondrial disease - oxygen isn’t extracted
pulmonary artery catheter , during exercise the oxygen saturation is still high even if they are exercised (muscle problem)

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13
Q

What are two types of exercise?

A

Incremental exercise - increases in intensity

Steady state exercise - intensity maintained

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14
Q

Which two factors change in the lungs to increase oxygen entering the lungs?

A

breathing rate and tidal volume

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15
Q

Why do we only breathe at half the vital capacity?

A

It requires a lot more effort to use the full vital capacity

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16
Q

What causes effects like fainting due to hypoventilation?

A

pH goes up, fewer protons in blood and more calcium bind to albumin (which can also bind protons) so less calcium causes effects like fainting

17
Q

How does VQ matching differ between at rest and during exercise?

A

At rest VQ matching isn’t ideal but during early exercise the VQ matching improves

18
Q

At rest, where do most of the blood and air go to in the lungs and how does this change during exercise?

A

at rest most of the blood and air go to the bottom of the lung
Blood and air go all the way through the lungs during exercise.

19
Q

What happens to ventilation rate as CO2 increases?

A

As carbon dioxide concentration increases so does ventilation rate. There is close coupling of VE to VCO2.

20
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

The ODC shifts to the right during exercise as hemoglobin has less affinity for oxygen so more unloading.

21
Q

What is the ventilatory compensation point?

A

At the end of exercise , HCO3- runs out and hyperventilation occurs - chemoreceptors detect this. No more exercise can occur.

22
Q

During steady state exercise how does oxygen consumption change and why is there a time lag between increase in oxygen consumption and exercise?

A

Oxygen consumption increases and then stays stable. When oxygen is measured at the mouth, there is a time lag between exercise and increase in consumption due to the time it take to get from muscle to heart to the lungs.

23
Q

What is oxygen deficit?

A

The amount of oxygen consumed isn’t enough to fulfill demand so anaerobic mechanisms begin.

24
Q

What are the two main types of chemoreceptors?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors - aortic (detects carbon dioxide and O2 but not pH) and carotid bodies (detect all three)
central chemoreceptors - medulla