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Human Body_TP > Respiratory System Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory System Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

single celled organism respiratory system

A

-everything is coming in and out of cell through osmosis
-very small scale

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2
Q

human respiratory system

A

-various areas that need oxygen
-systems have teamed up to recreate idea of single-celled organism
-everything we take in through respiration is getting to single-cell transport

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3
Q

pathway of O2

A

-air through respiration —> alveoli of lungs —> blood —> capillary beds —> tissues
-CO2 goes in the opposite way

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4
Q

respiration

A

general word for breathing

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5
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of body from outside environment

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6
Q

components of O2 and N2 in air

A

80% N2 and 20% O2 —> varies depending on where you live
Ex. mount everest it’s lower and you would need supplemental oxygen and have to be careful since hypoxia could make you go crazy

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7
Q

external (pulmonary) respiration

A

gas exchange within the lungs in the blood between the capillaries and alveoli —> happens at first junction where air meets blood

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8
Q

internal (tissue) respiration

A

-gas exchange between the blood and tissues of the body
-blood carries air down to tissues and they exchange at the capillary layer

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9
Q

cellular respiration

A

energy production within the cells
Ex. glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

where does internal respiration occur?

A

any capillary bed in the body, besides the liver

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11
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

-movement of air in and out of the body
-need open and clear passageway from external to internal
-mechanism to move air through the system by pushing it
-sufficient surface area and apparatus for gas exchange to occur

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12
Q

the nose (ventilation can occur in nose and mouth)

A

-nasal passage bordered by hard palate (bony roof of mouth)
-divided into different portions
-composed of cartilage and bone

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13
Q

position of septum

A

technically midsagittal but almost always deviated

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14
Q

what does the nasal cavity do for breathing?

A
  1. air is conditioned
  2. moisture is added
  3. initial filtration from nasal hairs —> dust and other substances from the air can get trapped by them
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15
Q

vestibules

A

areas inside wings of nose with a lot of hair and may need to be trimmed as you get older

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16
Q

what does the septum do?

A

-divides cavity
-anterior third is covered with stratified epithelium (skin) and second two thirds is respiratory mucosa with moisture and mucus that continues to filter

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17
Q

concha

A

three shelves of bone in the nasal cavity that have mucosa on them

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18
Q

turbinates

A

-three shelves of bone without mucosa on them in the nasal cavity
-increase surface area and create vortexes of the air —> don’t want air to be totally unimpeded, you want it to make contact with the mucosa

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19
Q

external part of nose

A

most of the external nose is cartilagous and when you about the skull, the cartilage is missing with the nasal cavity wide open
Ex. in forensic cases, the nasal bones are often missing from being easily fractured

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20
Q

cartilagous part of anterior nose

A

anterior part is made of cartilage, which allows it to be flexible and beneficial for nose strips

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21
Q

nasal strips

A

strips have metal spring that wants to straighten and when it does, it pulls some of the cartilagous skin upwards and opens up the passageway

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22
Q

three features of the skull that are difficult to reconstruct

A
  1. lips (no tissue indication) and teeth (overbite vs underbite)
  2. eyes (no idea the color or anatomy of eyelids)
  3. cartilage of nose (the nose has the slope of the nasal bone and nasal spine that the cartilage usually follows)
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23
Q

king philip of spain

A

-nose is coming out in a dramatic turn downward with a large protrusion of chin
-researchers believe these features are from the family tree that has a lot of incestuous ties

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24
Q

deviated nasal septum

A

-technically midsagittal but usually deviated in people
-if it’s really bad, you need angioplasty and surgeons will have to go in to repair it
-mucosa can become inflamed and make it difficult to breathe

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25
Q

deviated septum surgery

A

-doctors will go in and cut the mucosa to expose the septum —> they break the bone —> bony septum pieces in with the mucosa and suture the mucosa closed with the goal of the bone healing in a straight line
-bone fragments and cartilage heal up and people breathe easier

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26
Q

netty pots

A

-goal is to have saline go in one nostril and out the other and it actually goes behind the septum
-have to be careful with the water you use —> make sure to use the packet that comes with it, which usually contains saline which interacts well with the mucosa
-straight water will burn and if it is dirty water, that is a direct way for a pathogen to be introduced to your brain

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27
Q

openings under each concha

A
  1. under the superior: opening to the sphenoid sinus
  2. under the middle: opening of the frontal and maxillary sinuses
  3. under the inferior: opening of the nasolacrimal duct
    -these openings are important because they keep the weight of the skull light (not just dense bone) and noise we produce with vocal cords echoes around
    -want to ensure the environment of the sinuses matches the external environment
27
Q

cribriform plate

A

people swimming in dirty ponds may get pathogens that travel up through the cribriform plate, thin bone that separates the nasal cavity from the brain and allows olfactory nerves to come through, and can go directly to brain

28
Q

rhinitis

A

inflammation of the nasal cavity where mucosa closes openings

29
Q

why do your ears hurt when you dive deep into a swimming pool?

A

external environment is different than the sinus environment

30
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

-lacrimal gland puts out fluid that sweeps over the eyes
-lacrimal ducts are on the medial side of the eyes that collect the fluid to go down to the nasal sac
-from the nasal sac it goes to the opening under the inferior turbinate
-as we breathe the fluid gets evaporated or gets reused in the air

31
Q

why are your eyes glassy when you have a cold?

A

mucosa blocks the nasolacrimal duct and fluid gets stuck on the eyes

32
Q

three portions of pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. laryngeal pharynx
  3. oropharynx
33
Q

nasopharynx + cilia

A

-still lined with cilia and located near the soft palatte —> all mucosa that starts on the septum is ciliated and cilia beats to get things down to the airways then the digestive tract

34
Q

nasopharynx + eustachian tubes

A

-the opening to the eustachian tubes is in the nasopharynx
-mucosa folds into opening of inner ear
-when you have a cold, the mucosa can block this off —> causes difference in pressure
-ultimately you want the internal and external environments to be equal

35
Q

eustachian tubes in children

A

-as a child, the eustachian opening is wider and shorter —> prime reason why children cry when a plane goes off
-get over pressure buildup by chewing gum and divers pressing on their face to get ears to pop

36
Q

increase in prevalence in inner ear infections

A

-researchers think it’s due to bottle vs breast feeding
-when the mother holds the baby to breast feed, natural to hold the baby higher with butt down
-when giving a bottle, the head might be a bit lower than it would be while breast feeding —> milk comes in orally and you have retrograde flow up to the nasopharynx and into the eustachian tubes

37
Q

what happens when you swallow and breathe?

A

soft palate blocks off the nasopharynx but if you are laughing or talking while eating, the food can retrograde flow through nose

38
Q

laryngopharynx

A

-tubular structure that hangs off the skull base to the esophagus
-only the nasopharynx is ciliated while the laryngopharynx and oropharynx are involved in respiration

39
Q

larynx

A

-main thyroid cartilage is more prominent in men (Adam’s apple)
-part of the voice box structure
-tubular passage that acts as sentinel —> when we swallow and breathe, it allows things to be routed the right way
Ex. fluid in trachea can make us cough
-after the larynx, it becomes ciliated

40
Q

epiglottis

A

-upper part of larynx that is part of the sentinel function and directs air and food
-closely associated with esophagus

41
Q

cricothyroid cartilage

A

if you palpate thyroid cartilage and go below it, there’s some soft tissue —> put trach tubes here for long term use since it is avascular and opens the airway

42
Q

false folds

A

-mucosal and muscular
-close out during the vasolar manuever to prevent blowing out the lungs and popping out the eustachian tubes

43
Q

true folds

A

-cartilagous
-vocal cords that are non-ciliated since they need to vibrate off of each other

44
Q

trachea

A

-10-12 cm long
-from trachea to primary bronchi, you have cartilagous fronts and soft tissue posteriors —> help esophagus give way to boli of food and you don’t want to occlude airways
-from primary bronchi to lungs, there are cartilagous rings

45
Q

differences in right and left lungs

A

-heart is closer to the left lung, which is why there is a chunk taken out
-right primary bronchi is vertical and bigger caliber —> usually where people have obstruction
-lobar bronchus- airways are usually named after sections of lungs they go to
-right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, and lower), while left lung has two lobes from the heart taking up the chunk
-right lung has horizontal and oblique fissures, while left has just the oblique fissure

46
Q

depressions in the lungs

A

-depressions of sulcus from the subclavian artery
-aorta will give rise to carotid in the subclavian
-sulcus of the superior vena cava

47
Q

terminal end to airways

A

stuff goes in and there is an end to the path that will eventually get picked up by the tissues

48
Q

covering of lungs

A

-parietal pleura- outer layer that attaches to the chest cavity and turns into itself in a continuous sheet —> adherent to thoracic cavity
-visceral pleura- inner layer that lines the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi

49
Q

pleural cavities

A

spaces within the pleura where the lungs are

50
Q

pleura

A

continuous layer of serous membrane

51
Q

potential space

A

-space between the parietal and visceral pleura which allows them to rub together nicely
-if it gets infected it could displace the lung —> could lead to infectious state where you have fibrosis

52
Q

air pump (bellows)

A

-in the lungs you have no muscle besides the walls of the vessels
-vessels are acted upon by surrounding anatomy

53
Q

boyle’s law

A

-volume and pressure are inversely related
-as volume goes up, pressure goes down
-as volume goes down, pressure goes up

54
Q

how do gases flow?

A

gases flow from areas of high pressure to low pressure
Ex. anatomy lab is slightly negative so that air will want to rush in rather go out

55
Q

interplural pressure

A

-pressure between the potential space
-always slightly negative
-holds lungs up to the thoracic wall
Ex. as chest expands, the pressure drops —> body wants to equalize it and air will rush in

56
Q

breathing in = active process

A

breathing in is an active process controlled by skeletal muscles

57
Q

breathing out = passive process

A

breathing out is a cessation of impulses that make muscles contract —> pressure goes up and volume drops, so the air is expelled

58
Q

pneumothorax/sucking chest wound

A

-happens from impact that disrupts the pleura and Boyle’s law
-parietal pleura is cut then open to outside and air gets in
-when assessing someone for damage, look for bleeding or if there is blood that is frothy from the air mixing with the blood
-cover the hole since as the person is breathing the whole lung is collapsing
-med kits have special bandages that have adhesives —> 3 sides sop up blood and there is a flap, so the person can breathe out air and as the air comes out, it closes the flap

59
Q

internal pneumothorax

A

-visceral pleura is disrupted
-seen after accidents where the parietal pleura is fine but something is occurring internally
-air is going out of lung into space through the lungs, bronchi, and trachea

60
Q

inspiration

A

-diaphragm’s intercostal muscles are moving our ribs and you have active firing of the nerves
-phrenic nerve goes down to the diaphragm
-diaphragmatic dome drops and ribs raise and air rushes in to alleviate the negative pressure

61
Q

expiration

A

cessation of nerve impulses from the phrenic nerve and lungs will recoil with air going out

62
Q

why do you sniffle when you cry?

A

tear up when the nasolacrimal duct gets blocked then start crying when it overflows and comes out

63
Q

emphysema

A

alveolar walls fuse together so you get a sac with less surface area so the capillaries can’t get as oxygenated and you are short of breath

64
Q

young ko + pete pederson

A

-young ko thought about using the PET imaging marker as drug delivery (marker was attracted to areas that were very glycolytic)
-trojan horse story- way to sneak medication into tumor
-looked a lot like glucose but wouldn’t harm the body and she discovered 3 bromopyruvate (looks like glucose) and got pulled into highly-glycolytic tissues
-3 bromopyruvate got absorbed in glycotic tissue and just without tagging it with anything, it was able to eradicate many cancers
-she went on to experiment with chemo on the 3 bromopyruvate and wanted to find ways to make sure it made contact with the tissues it needs to

65
Q

oropharynx

A

acts as a passageway between the nasopharynx, mouth, and laryngopharynx

Human Body_TP (25 decks)

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