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Human Body_TP > Cardio Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardio Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

galien + heart as soul

A

-one of the first observes of anatomy and medicine —> word was considered gold standard for years
-talked about heart being soul —> origin of heartfelt
-initially he thought arteries were filled with air since the people were seeing vessels exposed and arteries would evacuate

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2
Q

origin of heart shape

A

-used as a decoration —> do not know if it had much to do with love or affection
-french manuscript showed someone giving their heart to someone

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3
Q

servetus

A

-created a treatus on Catholic religion and talked about anatomy as well as other topics
-executed for what he spoke about in the treatus but in it he also discussed circulation
-galien thought of the heart as exchanging chamber but servetus thought of it as a pump

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4
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

blood from the body and lungs

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5
Q

william harvey

A

-observer of human body and pushed idea of circulatory system
-suggested if you put a light turniquet on body you see veins engorge
-blood goes into the limb and can’t get out

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6
Q

what do venous valves do?

A

prevent backflow

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7
Q

william harvey

A

50 years after servetus suggested about the circulation system, william harvey saw that if you put a light tourniquet on the body you can see the veins engorge

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8
Q

what do venous valves do?

A

prevent blood backflow

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9
Q

stats on heart

A

-adults have 4-5 quarts of blood and the heart weighs ~1 lb
-takes one minute for the blood to circulate from the head to the toes and back again
-average resting heart rate is 72 (little higher in women than men)

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10
Q

heart rate vs longevity

A

-organisms with slower HR live longer than those with faster ones
-interested to see if we slow down HR can we bide time?

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11
Q

different elements of the circulatory system

A
  1. system
  2. pulmonary
  3. portal
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12
Q

systemic network

A

system of bringing blood out to the body and taking spent blood away

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13
Q

pulmonary network

A

part of cycle that goes from heart to lung and gets oxygen back to the heart

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14
Q

portal network

A

-intestinal tract is drained and instead of going through capillaries, it goes to the liver and is broken down, stored, or metabolized
-liver takes some of the oxygen from the blood but not all

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15
Q

medications and how circulation works

A

-kidney is where ibuprofen is metabolized —> gets filtered and can be out of system
-liver is where tylenol is metabolized —> absorbed through the intestinal tract and metabolized quickly then mostly filtered
-nitroglycerine tablets are fully metabolized in the liver —> have to be placed under the tongue otherwise they will be wiped out
-remdisivir is an anti-viral that is metabolized in the liver so it is IV-infused instead

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16
Q

is there a lot of space in the heart?

A

-not a lot of space in body —> very tightly packed with adipose tissue and blood
-heart is beneath the lungs and on the lower part of the sternum
-bulk of heart is on left side but the central part is closer to the midline

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17
Q

diaphragm

A

thin, muscular wall

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18
Q

discovery of CPR

A

-three fellows were working on electrical stimulation of the heart and noticed that when they put lead on the patient, the bp went up
-as they compressed the chest they changed the pressure in the chest —> changed bp
-before this if patient came in with chest pain they opened up the chest and through the sternum massaged the heart

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19
Q

right side of heart + blood circulation

A

-gets deoxygenated blood (spent blood from the body) and it will take it from the head and upper limbs from the superior vena cava and from the lower limbs through the inferior vena cava
-these cava dump into the right atrium
-when the atrium contracts —> pumps blood into the right ventricles

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20
Q

what are arteries and veins named for?

A

orientation and how the blood passes through

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21
Q

left side of heart + blood circulation

A

-blood exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs
-comes into the heart through the left pulmonary veins into the left atria
-left atria —> left ventricle —> aorta —> body
-left ventricle has a very thick muscular wall since it needs to push blood through the aorta

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22
Q

why are valves necessary for heart pump?

A

-designed to let blood go through but not regurgitate
-when heart relaxes, it creates negative pressure

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23
Q

tricuspid valve

A

located between the right atrium and right ventricle

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24
Q

mitral/bicuspid valve

A

-located between the left atrium and left ventricle
-called the mitral after the mitre, which is the headgear that the pope wears
-pulmonary veins travel through these

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25
Q

aortic/semilunar valve

A

located between the left ventricle and aorta

26
Q

pulmonary valve

A

this is the weakest valve since the blood isn’t trying to come back

27
Q

valve replacements

A

remove valve tissue and suture in artificial ball and ring

28
Q

ball and ring technique

A
29
Q

old method of valve replacements

A

doctors would stop the heart —> open the aorta —> cut diseased valve out and put replacement one in

30
Q

transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

A

put catheter in through leg to go to heart with inflatable balloon that held the area open and deployed the valve

31
Q

aortic valve

A

-typically go up and leaflets are like a swallow’s nest
-look down into the heart and you see within leaflets that go to coronary arteries

32
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

-looks like dura and is tough and makes up the mediastinum
-outer layer

33
Q

serus pericardium

A

-consists of two layers with a pericardial cavity in between
-inside: parietal layer of it, closest to the fibrous pericardium
-outside is the visceral layer or epicardium (very close to the muscle of the heart

34
Q

myocardium

A

heart muscle that is very close to the epicardium

35
Q

endocardium

A

inner lining of the heart itself

36
Q

serous

A

puts out serous fluid that cuts down on friction in the heart —> fluid in the pericardial cavity and the two layers the serous pericardium slide along nicely together

37
Q

pericarditis

A

infection of the pericardium that can cause inflammation and add friction to the beating heart

38
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

-could occur after trauma or surgery that did not go well
-this is when too much blood starts to build up around the heart and make it difficult to pump blood

39
Q

phrenic nerve

A

-left side and goes down to the diaphragm
-regulates breathing from high up in the neck
-located high up in the spinal cord so injury could paralyze diaphragm

40
Q

recurrent phrengeal

A

comes from left phrenic nerve an goes right under aorta up to the larynx

41
Q

ductus artiosum

A

-patent connection between venous blood and arterial blood in fetus
-closes within minutes of birth

42
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

-upper medial surface of the right atrium near the superior vena cava
-generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract

43
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

-located in the right atrium further down
-small structure in the heart that connects the electrical systems of the atria and ventricles
-as nerve impulses go down it causes this node to fire and the ventricles to contract

44
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

-occurs when the firing is happening very quickly but not fully
-heart condition that causes the upper chambers of the heart to beat irregularly and rapidly

45
Q

blood supply to heart

A

-blood rushes through the heart but the heart itself does not access it
-profused by vessels on the heart

46
Q

righthand side of the blood profusion

A

-right coronary artery and perforation from the first branch of aorta
-right marginal artery
-posterior descending

47
Q

lefthand side of the blood profusion

A

-perforation coming from the aorta and back around through the gap
-left coronary artery
-circumflex goes around with left marginal and anterior descending (most common place for coronary artery bypass)

48
Q

aclerosis (blood clot)

A

-blockage of vessels
-surgically they could bypass the blockage, dacron graft, or take an internal mammary artery down distal to blockage
-non-surgically they could put catheter in there with balloon to open the blockage with a cage but may get eventual plaque buildup

49
Q

otto forman

A

-thought about catheters in vessels
-assistant agreed to it as along as he would do it on her
-he anesthetized her arm then removed the drape and he did it on himself then went to radiology to see it
-while in radiology, he advanced the catheter and got it to his heart

50
Q

blood covering the heart

A

veins run concurrent with arteries with some differences

51
Q

coronary sinus

A

on the posterior side of the heart, vessels go into the coronary sinus and looks like a globby vein (similar to the sagittal sinus in the dura)

52
Q

brachia cephalic trunk

A

-gives rise to the right subclavian and right common carotid
-remember as it connecting to the brachial plexus and the neck

53
Q

left side of blood covering the heart

A

common carotid and left subclavian

54
Q

athrosclerosis

A

-plaque diminishes the caliber of vessels
-most clinical is femural or carotid arteries
-if you get plaques in the blood of the brain, you have dementia changes
-test the occlusion by taking the bp of your wrist and ankles and seeing if there is a disparity

55
Q

varicose veins

A

-veins throughout the body have valves to prevent backflow
-blood has to be pushed up
-valves can break down and blood can pool —> varicose veins
Ex. chronic drinkers have red lines on nose —> cirrhosis of the liver is blocking the portal vein and putting venous pressure

56
Q

arterial venous fistula

A

-done for people who have to go under dialysis
-connect artery and vein and then enlarges the vein for catheter to be put in
-handles taking and putting in of blood
Ex. someone who has needed this for dialysis may have very enlarged veins

57
Q

plaque buildup in neck

A

-procedure where they open the carotid and put in bypass shunt so the head remains perfused and scrapes out the plaque

58
Q

pressure points

A

-way to stop bleeding for first response
-push down on the femural artery to restrict blood flow but not entirely —> better than tourniquet which would stop bleeding altogether

59
Q

bypass

A

-bypassing blockage in artery
-use saphoneous vein (not open heart)
-internal thoracic artery line —> replacing artery with a different artery (mammary artery)

60
Q

mediastinum

A

sock-like spot in thorax where heart sits

Human Body_TP (25 decks)

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