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Biology 11 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

4 parts of Respiration

A
  1. Inspiration + Expiration
  2. External Respiration
  3. Internal Respiration
  4. Cellular Respiration
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2
Q

External Respiration

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2

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3
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Diffusing from blood to cells

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4
Q

Cellular respiration

A

energy realizing chemical reaction that take place in cells

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5
Q

Ventilation

A

the process of moving an oxygen containing a medium

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6
Q

What assists the moving of air in and out (in the brain)

A

there are points in the one in the pons and one in the medulla oblongata that sense the level of O2, CO2, and PH

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7
Q

In land organisms why does the air need to flow through the body

A

it needs moister

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8
Q

Spirograph

A

a graph that shows the amount of air that moves in and out of lungs

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9
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Heart and lungs

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10
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Pancreas, liver digestive system and reproductive system

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11
Q

Intercostal Muscles

A

rib cage muscles

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12
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

muscles between ribs

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13
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

muscles inside the rib cage

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14
Q

Expiration

A

Rib Cage moves down and in

Diaphragm relaxes and moves up

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15
Q

Inspiration

A

Rib cage moves up and out

diaphragm contracts moving down

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16
Q

why do fish have gills

A

to do gas exchange. As the fish opens its mouth, water runs over the gills, and blood in the capillaries picks up oxygen that’s dissolved in the water.

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17
Q

Tidal Volume

A

the volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing moment

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18
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

the additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond a regular

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19
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

the additional volume of air that can be forces out of the lungs beyond a regular

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20
Q

Vital capacity

A

the total volume of gas that can be moved into or out of your lungs

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21
Q

Residual volume and why do you need it

A

the amount of gas the remains in the lungs after a full exhalation you need this that the alveoli don’t start to stick together

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22
Q

how do you clean bacteria when you breath and why do you need to

A

if you don’t clear the bacteria out right away It can continue into the alveoli and the lungs which can cause a buildup of bacteria in the alveoli over time. you clear it by it being caught on the Celia cells in the nose

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23
Q

How and Why do you need to change the temperature of air coming into the nose

A

at the back of the nose you have turbinate bones that are covered with membrane which is rich with capillary nets so the warm blood in the capillaries warm the air coming in. we need to do this because we can’t have cold air coming into the lungs.

24
Q

Glottis

A

Above the trachea the space between the vocal folds

25
Q

Larynx

A

were the vocal cords are

26
Q

Turbinate bones

A

in the nose has ciliated cells attached to the bones

27
Q

Celia cells

A

have mucus on them that collects bacteria

28
Q

Trachea

A
  • has C-shaped Hyaline Cartilage rings that’s supports it open
  • in inner cross section has epithelium with Celia to catch bacteria
  • is a cross section (so have mucosa and sub-mucosa)
29
Q

Esophagus

A

behind the trachea has stratified epithelium to protect it

30
Q

Pseudo-stratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium

A

Pseudo-stratified: looks like many layers but is only one layer
Ciliated: has cilia on it
Columnar: it is elated epithelium

31
Q

Lumens of Mucosa what do you have?

A
  • Pseudo-stratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium

in between that you have goblet cells

32
Q

goblet cells

A

cells that make mucosa that is on cilia

33
Q

path of air into the lungs

A

nasal cavities (or oral cavity) > pharynx > trachea > primary bronchi (right & left) > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

34
Q

alveoli

A

site of gas exchange

35
Q

Right lung (how many lobes)

A

3

36
Q

left lung (how many lobes)

A

2

37
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

is thin, moist, slippery and has two layers. The outer/parietal pleura lines the inside of the rib cage and the diaphragm while the inner/ visceral layer covers the lungs.
Between the two layers is the intrapleural space, which normally contains fluid secreted by the membranes. called Pleural space

38
Q

connection between Bronchiole, alveoli, capillaries

A

at the end of the bronchioles there are clusters of alveoli. surrounding each alveoli there is a network of capillaries (wall between the alveoli and capillaries is one cell thick)
in that wall the respiratory and circulatory system interact because the capillaries bring deoxygenated blood to the wall and there is gas exchange between the alveoli and capillary making the blood oxygenated.

39
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

when oxygen is carried by hemoglobin

40
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

when CO2 is carried by hemoglobin

41
Q

What happens when the PH level in the blood are out of range

A

there is a formula CO2 + H20 ←→ H2CO3 ←→ HCO3 + 2H
this formula can go back and fourth based on whether the PH is too high or too low.
if it is to high (meaning you have to many H) it will make more CO2 + H2O
If it is to low (meaning you have to much CO2) it will make more HCO3 +2H

42
Q

what is the range of PH in the blood

A

7.35-7.45

43
Q

Edema

A

Accumulation of fluid in Tissues

44
Q

Pulmonary

A

Anything do to with lungs

45
Q

Tonsillitis- Causes, Symptoms/effects, Treatment

A

Cause: Bacterial infection (sometimes spread by streptococcal bacteria) or viral infection
Symptoms/effects: Bacterial or viral infection of the tonsils (Two oval shaped organs at back of pharynx and are lymph nodes.)
- Tonsils tend to be large in kids but shrink with age
-Symptoms-red and swollen tonsils, sore throat, fever, swollen glands in neck
-Tonsils are a site of production for lots of white blood cells, first line of defence against bacteria and viruses that enter the mouth, so they don’t enter respiratory system
Treatment:
- Severe tonsillitis can be cured by surgically removing all or part of the tonsils
- Removing tonsils can increase risk of throat infections later in life.
- Though the tonsils are important in white blood cell production, there are many other lymph nodes in the body, removing tonsils won’t have a huge impact on white blood cell production.

46
Q

Lobular Pneumonia - Causes, Symptoms/effects, Treatment

A

Causes: Main causes of Pneumonia are-Bacterial(Bacterium Streptococcus Pneumoniae)or viral infection.
Effects:
- Pneumonia is when the alveoli in the lungs become inflamed and fill with fluids.
- Streptococcus Pneumoniae is caught through inhaling and if the immune system can’t handle the bacteria it will circulate through the blood and prosper in the alveoli, sometimes settling in other tissues
- Pneumonia interferes with gas exchange so body is starved for Oxygen.
- Lobular Pneumonia is when it’s located in a lobe of the lung
- Symptoms include -coughing up mucus, fever, shortness of breath, rapid shallow breathing, chest pain.
- People who have AIDSor HIV, or other conditions that cause their immune system to be weak, often experience rare type of pneumonia called Pneumocystis Pneumoniacaused by an airborne fungus called pneumocystis jirovecii
Treatment:
- There is a preventative vaccine for Bacterial Pneumonia called the Pneumococcal Vaccine, which provides long term protection from the bacterium.
- Viral Pneumonias (usually less severe than Bacterial) can be treated with anti-viral medications.
- Viral Pneumonias are sometimes followed by a secondary bacterial infection which needs to be treated with antibiotics.

47
Q

Bronchial Pneumonia - Causes, Symptoms/effects, Treatment

A

Causes: PneumoniaBacterial (commonlyBacterium Streptococcus Pneumoniae)or viral infection
Symptoms/effects:
- Bronchopneumonia is a form of pneumonia that affects both the alveoli in the lungs and the bronchi.
- Key difference between Bronchial and Lobular Pneumonia is that Lobular pneumonia is located on one or more lobes of the lungs but Bronchial Pneumonia can be located anywhere on both lungs in patches and involves the bronchi or bronchioles.
- Same symptoms as lobular pneumonia
Treatment:
- There is a preventative vaccine for Bacterial Pneumonia called the Pneumococcal Vaccine, which provides long term protection from the bacterium.
- Viral Pneumonias (usually less severe than Bacterial) can be treated with anti-viral medications.
- Viral Pneumonias are sometimes followed by a secondary bacterial infection which needs to be treated with antibiotics.

48
Q

Acute Bronchitis - Causes, Symptoms/effects, Treatment

A

Causes: Bacterial or viral infection orby breathing in irritants (like polluted air)
Symptoms/effects:
-Bronchitis is a condition where the bronchi become red and inflamedand filled with mucus.
-Symptoms include a cough (because the person is trying to expel the mucus)
-Acute Bronchitis is a short term disorder, and can be cured in a few days
Treatment:
- Bacterial infection can be treated with antibiotics

49
Q

Chronic Bronchitis/COPD - Causes, Symptoms/effects, Treatment

A

Causes: Caused by regular exposure to concentrations of dust or chemical compounds or cigarette smoke
Symptoms/effects:
- Chronic Bronchitis is a long-term disorder
.- Because the exposure takes places over a long period of time, the cilia lining in the bronchi are gradually destroyed.This hair like lining is very important because it is supposed to help catch harmful substances that we breath in before it does any damage. he cilia makes the bronchi get inflamed and vulnerable to infection.
-Another negative effect of COPD is the mucus goblet cells start making a tonof mucus which starts to build upn the bronchi. This makes the lumen smaller and oxygen exchange harder.
- Another effect is edema elsewhere in the body. This swelling in other parts of the body is due to the increased pressure of the blood vessels.-Another effect is thickened smooth muscles which are in each bronchus tube
-Symptoms include: A cough (trying to expel the excess mucus), chest pain, shortness of breath, fever
Treatment:
- Can’t be cured but can be treated byquitting smoking, taking medications, and specialized exercises.

50
Q

Asthma - Causes, Symptoms/effects, Treatment

A

Causes:
- Can be caused by genetics or by the environment
- Triggers include: inhaling pollen, dust, smoke, hair, fur, chemical odours
Symptoms/effects:
- Asthma is a respiratory disorder where inhaled irritants trigger inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles which reduces airflow.
- Usually starts in childhood.People with asthma typically have smaller lumen to begin with.
- Symptoms include: wheezing, coughing, tightness of chest, shortness of breath.
-Asthma attack = when smooth muscles tighten and spasm, cells in airway start making more mucus. This makes airflow even harder.
- Sometimes cold air with low oxygen levels can get stuck in alveoli
Treatment: - Asthma can’t be cured but can be treated.- Hand held Asthma inhalers send medication straight to the lungs and relaxes(dilates)bronchial muscles and reduce sin flammation to open up airways.
- Liquid meds-Pressurized cannister with a mouth piece that releases the liquid medication as a mist -Powder meds-fine dry powder which is inhaled slowly

51
Q

Emphysema - Causes, Symptoms/effects, Treatment

A

Causes: Common cause is smoking
Effect and Symptoms: - Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath
- in people with emphysema, the alveoli are damaged
- over time the inner walls of alveoli waken and rupture - creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones. tHis reduces the surface area of the lungs and in turn the amount of oxygen that reaches your bloodstream
- when you exhale the damaged alveoli don’t work properly
- most people with emphysema also have COPD
Treatment:
- Can’t be cured but can be treated: With medications or inhaler to open up bronchioles
- Using an oxygen tank if oxygen levels are too low-long term-person should stop smoking and if they can, they should avoid breathing in irritants like dust.

52
Q

Cystic Fibrosis - Causes, Symptoms/effects, Treatment

A

Cause: by motion of the CTFR gene (chromosome 7) CF is autosomal recessive
Symptoms/effects:
- Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic multi system disease.A mutation of the CFTR gene changes a protein that regulates the movement of salt and water in and out of cells. The result is thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as increased salt in sweat.
- In the respiratory system, the thick mucus clogs the lungs causing difficulty breathing. The mucus then catches harmful bacteria and is difficult to fight them. Can also clog bronchus and bronchioles.
- In the digestive system CF can affect the pancreas’s ducts so enzymes that are needed to chemically digest the food can’t be released easily.-In the reproductive system, CF can cause sterility by having tubes full of mucus.
- Life expectancy of someone with CF is 40 years.
Treatment:
- There’s no cure for CF but there are treatments to help alleviate symptoms: Meds that thin mucus and antibiotics to fight bacterial infections
- Gene therapy: medications sent in to deliver copies of normal gene
- Techniques to loosen up and expel mucus like with a vibrating vest
- For kids with CF, parents should tap their child gently on their backs after they wake up with them tilted down slightly so they can spit out mucus-In cases with big complications, surgery might have to be done, like lung transplants, or inserting feeding tubes.

53
Q

Chemoreceptors what do they do

A

they are sensitive to O2, CO2, change in level PH in blood and when these things are low it will tell your body to hyperventilate

54
Q

Types of Chemoreceptors

A
  1. Aortic Arch Bodies: in the heart, on the aortic arch is the aortic bodies which are Chemoreceptors that sense the level of O2 in the blood when it leaves the heart. When it senses something is wrong with the level to would send a message to the breathing control centre in the Medulla oblongata which would send a message to the respiratory muscles too hyperventilate in order to get more O2 in the body.
  2. Carotid Bodies: on the carotid artery are Chemoreceptors that sense the level of O2 in the blood when it leaves the heart. When it senses something is wrong with the level too would send a message to the breathing control centre in the Medulla oblongata which would send a message to the respiratory muscles too hyperventilate in order to get more O2 in the body.
  3. Medulla: there are Chemoreceptors on the surface of the Medulla that are sensitive to the level of CO2 and PH in the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)(fluid in the brain) which when it sense a low level of either CO2 or PH will send a message to Hyperventilate.
55
Q

Lacrimal Glands

A

Make fluid in the eye to wash out the eyes of bacteria. after the fluid is made it is transferred by the lacrimal canaliculi.

Biology 11 (2 decks)

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