Circulatory System Flashcards
3 Main Function of Circulatory System
- it transports gases, nutrients, Molecules and waste materials
- it regulates internal temperature and distributes vital chemical substance
- protects against blood loss from injury and against disease
Where does the heat in your body come from?
The muscles
Vasodilation
Increase of surface area in the vein to get ride of heat (when your hot your veins will do vasodilation)
Vasoconstriction
decrease of surface area in the vein to keep the heat
when you are cold the veins will get smaller to keep the heat
3 Major components of the Circulatory System
- Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Blood
Arteries
take blood Away from the heart
Veins
Take blood towards the heart
Types of Circulatory Systems
- Open: Blood flows through the body cavity and makes direct contact with organs and tissues
- Closed: Keeps blood contained within vessels and separate from other body tissues
What muscles is the heart made from
Cardiac Muscle
Parts of Cardiac Muscles
- Gap Junctions/Desmosomes: Highly perforated connection (you need these connection to allow fast movement when the heart contracts)
- Cells branch out in order to deliver messages faster (making them look H-shaped)
- the muscle doesn’t fatigue, it has a central nucleus and is striated
- Loaded with connective tissue that have high mitochondria
Striation
Strip - like visual feature found in cardiac muscle
Blood Vessel wall layers
- Endothelium of Tunica Intima: a layer of Squamous epithelium lining the veins and arteries (has a small layer of elastic and collagenous fibres)
- Tunica Media: Smooth muscle layer
- Tunica Externa: Connective tissue layer
Why do arteries have a thicker layer of Muscle?
because they need to push out the blood from the heart
Capillaries
Where exchange of gas happens between veins and arteries (the wall is only one cell think in order for the exchange to happen seamlessly)
Albumin and its Function
The main protein in the blood that is produced by the liver from amino acids
Functions: 1) helps transfer fatty acid (Blood is water base and when you consume fatty acids that can’t travel in water because they are hydrophobic so. it can transfer on albumin that is hydrophilic)
2) Transfers Calcium
Plasma
fluid portion in the blood which is made up of Water, gases, proteins, sugar and vitamins
Components of Blood plasma and functions
Water: Dissolves and transports other substances
Proteins: Maintain fluid balance in cells and space between cells. Helps maintain slightly high pH. has Fibrinogen and Goblins
Salts/Ions: Maintain fluid balance in plasma, cells and space around cells. Helps maintain slightly high pH. Assist in nerve and muscle function.
Bone Marrow
has stem cells in order for them to make the platelets, RBC and WBC
Fibrinogen
a dissolved protein in the blood that when ever it is activated it creates a protein that does not dissolve called fibrin which is used for blood clotting.
What happens when you are low on Albumin?
fluid will start to settle in the tissue making fluid in tissue which is called edema
Globulins
Protein that have Gemma globulins (antibodies) and that carries enzymes and proteins
Types of Globulins
Gamma Globulins, Beta Globulins, Alpha-1 Globulins, Alpha-2 Globulins (based on the specific protein)
RBC (Red blood cells)
also called Erythrocytes
have Hemoglobin
are biconcave (so that they can bend)
Why are RBC red
because of the Iron in the Hemoglobin
Why can the number of RBC be low
internal bleeding, low consumption of b-12
Why can the number of hemoglobin be low
not enough Iron in the body
Hemoglobin structure and function
In the RBC (around 280 million of them in each RBC)
made up of 4 Polypeptides - 2 alpha chain and 2 beta chains at the centre there is a heme group (which is an ion of Fe2+ )
Carbonic Acid Buffer System
CO2 + H20 ←→ H2CO3 ←→ HCO3- + H2 ←→ CO3 + 2H
Because of the weak acid of H2CO3 the formula can go back and forth.
this formula is used when the PH level of blood gets out of range
Anemia
Decreased ability to circulate oxygenated blood
Sickle cell anemia
a mutation in hemoglobin that causes anemia
Iron-deficiency Anemia
if in the production of RBC in the bone marrow you don’t have enough Iron it will effect the heme group on the new RBC
B-12 deficiency anemia
this causes the RBC to turn to a teardrop shape because B12 is required for the structure of the membrane of RBCs
WBC
Also called Leukocytes
have nuclei
fight infection, sickness etc.
there are 5 types: Monocytes, Neutrophil, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes
How do you know if there is to many WBC in the bone marrow
we can see that there would be RBC outside the bone marrow that have nuclei meaning that the WBC started to push out immature RBC
Pathogen
an organism that can produce disease
Neutrophil
Type of WBC are PMN, Granulocytes, Phagocytes
found in the body tissue and in blood to defend against bacterial infection
PMNs
Polymorphonuclear - a cell with a nucleus with many shapes
Granulocytes
has granules inside
Phagocytes
can engulf bacteria cells
Agranulocytes
does not have Granulocytes
Eosinophils
are WBC, PMN, Granulocytes
are found in the mucous lining of the digestive and respiratory system
Basophils
are WBC, PMN, Granulocytes
it aids in immunity by secreting substances that attack phagocytes to destroy pathogens
Lymphocytes
are WBC, Agranulocytes that produce antibodies that incapacitate pathogens and allow them to easily decide and destroy them
Types of Lymphocytes: T-Cells, B-cells, NK (Natural Killers)
Monocytes
are WBC, Agranulocytes that can engulf bacteria
Platelets
also called Thrombocytes
are garment of Megakaryocytic that are large cells that from in the bone marrow when the cell tries to go through the capillaries but are to big so it breaks won into these platelets
Embolism
A blockage causing material in the blood vessel
it can be a blood clot which is called a thrombus, or a fat embolism caused by a fat globule, or a gas embolism caused by air bubbles in the blood vessels
Atrioventrucular Septum
in between the left and right sides of the heart
Why is there a delay in the AV node
so that both atria can empty of blood and finish contracting
Stenosis
When a valve is damaged and it can not close or open normally
(which can cause blood to go into the valve during R stage taking the blood back to the tricuspid valve)
Pulmonary Edema
Excuse fluid in the lungs
Chordae Tendineae
heart strings that are fibrous cords connective tissue that connect papillary muscle to the tricuspid and mitral valve
Cardiac Output
How much blood your heart pump each minute
Stroke Volume
every time the left ventricle contract 70 ml of blood will be pushed out (SV is the 70 ml)
Heart Rate
every time the heart beats per minute usually 80 time
How do you calculate Cardiac Output
CO = SV x HR
What does drinking alcohol have to do with Vasodilation
when you drink alcohol it can cause vasodilation of the peripheral blood vessels because you might lose to much heat when your veins do vasodilation it can cause hypothermia if its cold outside
Steps of blood clotting
- When a blood vessel is broken, it reales chemicals that attract platelets to the injury
- The platelets rupture, realizing chemical that combine in the plasma to produce the enzyme thromboplastin
- as long as calcium ions are present, thromboplastin reacts with Prothrombin (from the liver) to produce thrombin
- thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to produce fibrin.
SA Node/Sinus Node
The SA node is the heart’s natural pacemaker. The SA node consists of a cluster of cells that are situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium (the right upper chamber of the heart). The electrical impulses are generated there.
AV Node/atrioventricular node
The purpose of this structure is to connect the electrical systems of the atria and the ventricles
Purkinje Fibers
specialized conducting fibers composed of electrically excitable cells. They conduct cardiac action potentials more quickly and efficiently than any other cells in the heart.
Structure of the Heart
The heart is a large muscular pump and is divided into two halves - the right-hand side and the left-hand side. The right-hand side of the heart is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left-hand side pumps oxygenated blood around the body.
Pathway of Blood through the heart
coming in from body (deoxygenated blood) though the Superior and Inferior Vena Cave → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs (getting oxygen) → Left Pulmonary veins → Left Atrium → Mitral Valve/Bicuspid Valve → Left Ventricle → Mitral Valve → Aorta → Body
Atherosclerosis
a condition where plaque build up inside the artery walls. as the artery walls narrow from the build up blood flow will decrease and blood pressure increases.
this can cause heart attacks in many people
a way to reduce the risk is to have a healthier lifestyle (exercise, not smoking, eating healthy etc.)
Treatments: 1) angioplasty: which is when a tube is inserted into the blocked area. this stent holds the vessel open and reduces blockage
2: Coronary Bypass: a section of healthy artery/vein is taking from another part of the body and it transferred to the part that is blocked making another path for the blood to go though.
Leukaemia
a blood cancer of the WBC.
Types: 1) Myeloid - the presence if to many leukocytes that are immature and can not fight infection they also crowd the RBC
2) Lymphoid: a cancer of the Lymphocytes
