Respiratory system

Question 1

External respiration

Answer 1

gas molecules diffuse between air sacs and capillaries

Question 2

internal respiration

Answer 2

movement of O2 +CO2 between bloodstream and body cells

Question 3

upper resp tract

Answer 3

nose, pharynx, larynx

Question 4

lower resp tract

Answer 4

begins at base of neck, includes trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, air sacs

Question 5

nose

Answer 5

initial receiving chamber for inhaled air

Question 6

external nares

Answer 6

2 openings at the base (nostrils)

Question 7

nasal septum

Answer 7

midline partition that separates the external nares

continues behind the external nares to divide the nasal cavity in half

Question 8

vestibule

Answer 8

small chamber that each external nares opens directly into

contain coarse hairs to filter particles

Question 9

nasal cavity

Answer 9

large space behind vestibule

Question 10

nasal conchae

Answer 10

scroll-like bones that shelves within the chambers. divide then into narrow passageways - meati

Question 11

paranasal sinuses

Answer 11

communicate with nasal cavity through small ducts

plug up quickly during inflammation or infection

Question 12

sinusitis

Answer 12

mucus and fluid trapped - block sinus - produce pressure

Question 13

pharynx

Answer 13

chamber that extends from the back of the nasal cavity to the larynx (aka throat)

Question 14

nasopharynx

Answer 14

superior end that receives the internal nares and openings to auditory tubes

Question 15

oropharynx

Answer 15

part of the pharynx visible with mouth open

Question 16

laryngopharynx

Answer 16

below the level of the tongue, 3rd segment of pharynx

unites with larynx

Question 17

larynx

Answer 17

short passageway that connects pharynx with trachea

Question 18

laryngeal prominence

Answer 18

adams apple

lump/protrusion in neck formed by eagle of thyroid cartilage surrounding larynx

Question 19

cricoid cartilage

Answer 19

located below thyroid cartilage

fully encircles the trachea

Question 20

thyroid cartilage

Answer 20

hyaline cartilage structure that sits infant of the larynx and above the thyroid gland.
composed on 2 halves - meet in the middle to form laryngeal prominence

Question 21

epiglottic cartilage

Answer 21

tongue-shaped piece completely covered with mucous membrane - attached to entrance of larynx

Question 22

surfactant

Answer 22

lipid molecules that line inner surface to keep moist and allow for diffusion

Question 23

right lung

Answer 23

3 lobes

thicker and broader than left

Question 24

pleura

Answer 24

2 layers surrounding each lung
serous membrane
separated by serous fruit

Question 25

parietal pleura

Answer 25

outer layer than lines thoracic wall

Question 26

visceral pleura

Answer 26

inner layer that surrounds lungs and is firmly attached to outer surface

Question 27

left lung

Answer 27

2 lobes and lingual (projection of upper lobe)

Question 28

right lung fissures

Answer 28

``` oblique fissure (mid+bot) - T2 post to rib 6 anteriorly horizontal fissure (top+mid) - rib 4 to oblique fissure ```

Question 29

left lung fissure

Answer 29

oblique fissure - T2 post to rib 6 anteriorly

Question 30

epiglottis

Answer 30

important in protecting airways - flap of tissue - covers trachea when eating

Question 31

inspiration

Answer 31

1. contraction of resp muscles 2. thoracic cavity expands 3. pleural cavity pressure decrease 4. lung surface pulled outward 5. alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure 6. air rushes into alveoli

Question 32

diaphragm innervations

Answer 32

phrenci nerver C3,4,5

Question 33

openings of the diaphragm

Answer 33

Vena Cava - T8 Oesophagus - T10 Thoracic aorta - T12

Question 34

Intercostal muscles

Answer 34

external icm internal icm innermost icm

Question 35

External icm

Answer 35

contraction - raises each rib toward the rib above | raises rib cage

Question 36

Internal icm

Answer 36

contraction - raises each rib toward the rib above | raises rib cage

Question 37

innermost

Answer 37

depresses each rib to the rib below | lower the rib cage

Question 38

scalene muscles

Answer 38

prevent rib 1 and 2 descending

Question 39

stages of development of respiratory system

Answer 39

1) formation of trachea and bronchi 2) lung development 3) formation of pleural cavities 4) diaphragm

Question 40

development of the trachea : splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm

Answer 40

splanchnic mesoderm - gives rise to cartilage, CT and muscles endoderm - gives rise to epithelium and glands of trachea and pulmonary epithelium

Question 41

stages of lung maturation

Answer 41

pseudoglandular stage canalicular stage terminal sac stage alveolar period

Question 42

pseudoglandular stage of lung maturation

Answer 42

5-16 weeks terminal bronchioles form by the end of this stage all components of lungs are formed except the components of gas exchange development of pleural cavities occurs at the same time

Question 43

canalicular period of lung maturation

Answer 43

16-26 weeks lumens of the bronchi and terminal bronchioles enlarge tissues become vascularised by 24 weeks each terminal bronchiole has formed 2 or more respiratory bronchioles towards the end of this period - the first terminal sacs form at the end of the respiratory bronchioles

Question 44

terminal sac period of lung maturation

Answer 44

26 weeks - birth terminal sac = immature alveoli many terminal sacs from - primordial alveoli cuboidal epithelial cells of the terminal sacs become flat and thin - important for gas exchange - TYPE 1 ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS capillaries start to budge into primordial alveoli secretory rounded epithelial cells start to form - TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS - produce surfactant

Question 45

surfactant

Answer 45

produced by type II alveolar epithelial cells phospholipid-rich fluid forms monomolecular film over the internal walls of the terminal sacs and matures alveoli lowers surface tension at the air-alveolar interface

Question 46

alveolar period of lung maturation

Answer 46

8months - childhood increased surfactant production increased alveoli primordial alveoli increase in size, type I epithelial cells become thinner and capillaries form closer association as they mature most postnatal increase in lung size - due to increased division to form resp bronchioles and continued primordial alveoli production

Question 47

changes in lungs before birth

Answer 47

surfactant production increases in last 2 weeks of gestation breathing movements occur before brith - stimulate lung development and resp muscles amniotic fluid is aspirated

Question 48

diaphragm formation - 4 embryonic components

Answer 48

1) transverse septum 2) pleuroperitoneal membranes 3) dorsal mesentery of oesophagus 4) muscular ingrowth from later body walls

Question 49

tidal volume (TV)

Answer 49

amount of air total moved in and out with each breath

Question 50

inspiratory volume (IRV)

Answer 50

amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly over the tidal volume

Question 51

expiratory volume (ERV)

Answer 51

maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration

Question 52

residual volume (RV)

Answer 52

volume of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

Question 53

vital capacity (VC)

Answer 53

total amount of exchangeable air

Question 54

total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 54

VC + RV

Question 55

anatomic dead space volume

Answer 55

during a normal tidal breath the air that enters resp tract that never reaches alveoli ---remains in passageways

Question 56

what does a lung function test assess

Answer 56

mechanical condition of the lungs eg pul fibrosis - scarring affects gas diffusion resistance of the airways eg asthma diffusion across the alveolar membrane - pulmonary fibrosis - thin membrane needed for diffusion

Question 57

vitalograph

Answer 57

deep breath in, expire as fast and hard and long as poss don't take mean - take best reading Measures: FVC - total volume exhlaled

Question 58

nitrogen washout

Answer 58

patient inspires 100% O2 expires into spirometer system procedure repeated until N2 in lungs is replaced with O2 FRC calculated from exhaled N2 and estimated alveolar N2

Question 59

lung function test

Answer 59

functional residual capacity ``` residual air cannot be directly expired into the spirometer FRC are measured using helium dilution or nitrogen washout helium dilution (closed system) ``` known conc of Helium, known vol of Helium. Track movement of helium in and out of the lungs. After equilibration we can measure C2 and then can measure V1 in spirometer and V2 in the lungs

Question 60

Restrictive deficit

Answer 60

Lung expansion is compromised - alteration in lung parenchyma, disease of the pleura or chest wall. Lungs do not fill to capacity eg. pul fibrosis and scoliosis FVC - reduced, FEV1 - normal FEV1:FVC - remains normal/ increased

Question 61

Obstructive deficit

Answer 61

Characterised by airway obstruction, lungs can still fill to capacity Resistance is increased on expiration eg. asthma, COPD FEV1 - reduced, FVC - normal FEV1:FVC - low