Cardiovascular system Flashcards
1
Q
Pericardium
A
Fibrous (outer) - not distensible, attached to diaphragm , blends into adventitia of great vessels.
Serous (inner) - visceral layer (epicardium), parietal (lining fibrous pericardium), space between - pericardial cavity, both layers - mesothelium
2
Q
Surfaces
A
Anterior - RV
Inferior - LV
Post/base - LA + pul vv
Apex - LV
3
Q
Borders of the heart
A
2,3,5,6 sup - Lcc2-Rcc3 right - Rcc3-Rcc6 inf - Rcc6-Lics5 left - Lics5-Lcc2
4
Q
Valve positions
A
PAMT 3344 pul - medial to Lcc3 aortic - medial to Lics3 mitral - medial to Lcc4 tricuspid - medial to Rics4
5
Q
Valve auscultation
A
2,2,5,6 pul - Lics2 (near sternal edge, dub) aortic - Rics2 (near sternal edge, dub) mitral - Lics5 (midclavicular line, lub) tricuspid - Lics5/6 (near lower sternal edge, lub)
6
Q
SVC
A
Blood returns to the heart from head and arms
7
Q
IVC
A
Blood returns to the heart from trunk and legs
8
Q
RA
A
deox blood enters heart
9
Q
Tricuspid valve
A
right AV valve
10
Q
RV
A
pumps blood to lungs
11
Q
pul semilunar valve
A
leads to lungs
12
Q
pul aa
A
sends deox blood to lungs
13
Q
pul vv
A
sends ox blood back to heart from lungs
4 vv enter LA
14
Q
LA
A
chamber that receives blood from the lungs
15
Q
mitral valve
A
bicuspid (L AV valve)
16
Q
LV
A
pumps blood out of the heart through aorta
17
Q
aortic semilunar valve
A
keeps blood from flowing back into the LV
18
Q
aorta
A
blood leaves the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body through this
19
Q
apex of heart
A
most inferior part of external heart
20
Q
base of heart
A
most superior part of external heart
21
Q
myocardium
A
muscular layer of heart
22
Q
SA node
A
pacemaker
intrinsic conduction system
23
Q
AV node
A
electrical impulse to this tissue is delayed to let atria fully contract
intrinsic conduction system
24
Q
purkinje fibres
A
transmits electrical impulse to ventricular tissue
25
lub
closing of AV valves - occurs at ventricular systole
26
dub
closing of semilunar valves - occurs at ventricular diastole
27
inter-atrial septum
partition between atria
28
inter-ventricular septum
partition between ventricles
29
bundle branches
branches off the Bundle of His that conduct impulses to the LV and RV
30
Pacemaker cells in SAN
generate AP that spread to myocardium, causes cells to contract
31
nodal cells (nodes)
establish the rate of cardiac contraction, depolarise spontaneously and determine HR
32
conducting cells
interconnect SA and AV nodes, distribute stimulus through myocardium
33
internal anatomy of the heart wall
1) epicardium
2) myocardium (muscle)
3) endocardium
34
epicardium
aka visceral pericardium, outermost layer
| made of fibrous CT
35
myocardium
made of cardiac muscle - special conduction capabilities
36
endocardium
innermost layer, made of simple squamous epithelium
continuous with endothelial lining in BV
heart valves - covered in this layer
37
coronary sinus
major vv flowing into heart
deox blood returning from hearts coronary circulation
enters post RA
38
pul trunk
GREAT VESSEL
divides into R+A pul aa
deox blood from RV to lungs
39
trabecular carneae
muscular ridges that project from the inner surface of ventricle to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surface when the heart contracts and relaxes
40
AV valves structure
3 cusps on R, 2 cusps on L
| attached to chordae tendineae, which is attached to papillary muscles extending from the heart wall
41
papillary muscles + chordae tendineae
stabilise the AV valves + prevent back flow + inversion
42
papillary muscles
Part of AV valve
finger-like projections from the wall of the heart
prevents valve inversion (prolapse)
stabilises (not close) the valve
attached to chordae tendineae
43
chordae tendineae
Part of AV valve
tendinous chord which attach papillary muscles to cusps of valves
look like strings on guitar
44
formation of Septa + Foramen Ovale
early in dev. of heart - fusion of 2 tubes begins
tubes eventually shift in position to form septa - 4 distinct chambers can be found by day 22
blood travels between RA + LA through the foramen ovale
45
fossa ovale
at birth foramen oval closes. Fibrous sheet covers Foramen ovale.
Visible in the interatrial septum
46
Coronary arterial circulation
R+L coronary aa - first branches of aorta
47
RCA
divides into 2 branches
- marginal
- posterior interventricular (PCA)
48
Marginal (RCA)
supplies myocardium of inferior wall of both ventricles
49
PCA (RCA)
travels in sulcus on post side to supply post wall of ventricles
50
LCA
divides into 2 branches
- anterior interventricular (left anterior descending)
- circumflex
51
LAD (LCA)
supplies interventricular septum + anterior wall of both ventricles
descends into the interventricular sulcus on the anterior side of the heart
52
Circumflex (LCA)
supplies LA + post-lateral LV
53
Coronary venous circulation
blood is drained into great, small, middle coronary vv
| these drain into coronary sinus
54
Intrinsic conduction system
Primary system
- stimulates cardiac muscle fibres to contract w/out the need of direct stimulus from the NS
- specialised conduction cells
55
Extrinsic conduction system
Secondary system
- alters HR in response to body's immediate needs
- ANS
- -sympathetic stimulation
- -parasympathetic stimulation
56
Sympathetic stimulation
release of Norepinephrine
acts on SAN
increases HR + strength of contraction
57
Parasympathetic stimulation
- inhibitory (carried by Vagus CN X)
- release of ACh
- decreases HR
58
1st heart sound
lub - closure of AV valves during ventricular contraction
59
2nd heard sound
dub - closure of Semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation
60
axillary aa
carries blood to axilla (armpit)
61
external jugular vv
on the left in the neck - drains majority of external face
62
common carotid aa
divide into external and internal
| - supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood
63
external carotid
supplies the face and neck - least branches
64
internal carotid
supplies the brain - most branches
65
brachiocephalic artery
first major branch off aorta (after coronary aa) - major aa to forelimbs and head
66
left + right brachiocephalic vv
union of corresponding internal jugular vv and subclavian vv - merge to form SVC
67
subclavian aa
R subclavian - branch off brachiocephalic
| L subclavian - branch of arch of aorta (no.3)
68
internal jugular vv
on the right in the neck - drains blood from anterior face, trachea, thyroid, oesophagus, larynx, muscles of the neck
69
anaemia
reduced levels of Hb - haematocrit - LOW
70
iron deficiency anaemia
MICROCYTIC - low MCV
Fe needed for Hb
input reduced - diet
output increased - menstruation, GI bleeding/ulcers, NSAID use, colon cancer
demand increased (pregnancy)
71
renal anaemia
NORMOCYTIC ANAEMIA (not enough RBC)
inadequate erythropoietin secretion from diseased kidneys
complicates chronic renal failure
treat with Fe and EPO - stimulate bone marrow to produce RBC
72
anaemia in pregnancy
NORMOCYTIC/MICROCYTIC
pregnancy increase MCV, iron deficiency decreases MCV
dilution and/or Fe deficiency
73
haemolytic anaemia
increased rate of RBC destruction
genetic - spherocytosis - abnormal reduction in RBC membrane protein (spectrin) - cells are fragile
acquired - haemolytic transfusion reaction, malaria, drug -induced jaundice, enlarged spleen - folate deficiency may occur due to increased EPO
74
sickle cell anaemia
GENETIC
SNP - single nucleotide polymorphism
aa substitution - valine for glutamic acid
abnormal Hb - insoluble, forms crystals at low O2 - RBC form sickle shapes - block microcirculation
causes haemolytic anaemia
75
thalassaemias
genetic
reduced rate of a or b global units
deletion of both a-genes leads to death in uterus as Hb (gamma 4) produced
1 a-gene deletion - reduced RBC volume and haematocrit
76
aplastic anaemia
bone marrow failure - insufficient RBC, WBC, platelet
----can just be insufficient RBC
decreases resistance to infections, increased bleeding, increased tiredness
treatment - bone marrow transplant
77
polycythaemia
increased Hb content and haematocrit
increased blood viscosity - poor tissue perfusion
causes -
primary - changes in bone marrow, stem cell defect
secondary - body's response = increase EPO - altitude, smoking, renal carcinoma
78
types of stroke
Ischaemic stroke
Embolic stroke
Mini-stroke-TIA
Haemorrhagic
79
ischaemic stroke
caused by blockage of blood flow to brain - most common
80
embolic - thrombotic (blood clot)
generally induced by atherosclerotic disease, generally induced by atherosclerotic disease, generally preceded by TIA Embolism (blood clot) broken off and travels to brain
81
mini-stroke - TIA
generally lasts less than 24 hrs and doesn't leave much disability but is generally preceded by thrombotic stroke
82
haemorrhage
caused by rupture of an aa in or to the brain
intracerebral - 85%
subarachnoid - 15%
