Respiratory System Flashcards
Aerobic Cellular Respiration Formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)
Define gas exchange
the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported out of cells
In simple organisms,
O2 diffuses directly from the environment through the cell membrane and CO2 diffuses out; no specialized cells required
In most large, multicellular animals,
O2 and CO2 are exchanged with the environment via specialized organ system
What is ventilation?
inhalation and exhalation
What is external respiration?
gas exchange between alveoli and blood
What is internal respiration?
gas exchange between blood and cells
What is cellular respiration?
energy production in mitochondria
Air enters through nostrils and is
warmed (capillaries), filtered (cilia), and moistened
What is the pharynx?
common path for air and food; branches into trachea and esophagus
What is the trachea?
connects pharynx to lungs; divides into bronchi; contains C-shaped rings of cartilage to keep the airway open
Lungs
joined to trachea by bronchi; bronchi divide into bronchioles; each bronchiole ends in alveolar sac
What are alveoli?
tiny, hollow air sacs; one call thick; surrounded by capillary system; where gas exchange occurs; increase surface area
How do most aquatic organisms obtain oxygen?
gills
What are gills?
folded and branched structures that provide max surface area; O2 can be absorbed and CO2 removed
What are gills made of?
made up of several gill arches, made up of rows of gill filaments which have capillaries in them
What is countercurrent exchange?
when blood flows in the opposite direction to the flow of O2 rich water; maximizes amount of O2 that diffuses in the blood since blood with lower [O2] is always adjacent to water with higher [O2]
Breathing
involuntary inhalation and exhalation; delivers O2 to alveoli and removes CO2; controlled by medulla oblongata
If you hold your breath,
chemoreceptors detect change in blood pH; blood high in CO2 has lower than normal pH; drop in pH causes medulla oblongata to stimulate breathing
Oxygen moves from the ______ to the _______ (liquid component of blood called plasma)
air in the alveoli (13.3 kPa) HIGH ; bloodstream (5.33 kPa) LOW
The circulatory system transports O2 to the body cells in two ways:
attached to hemoglobin within red blood cells (98.5%) and dissolved in blood plasma (1.5%)
What is hemoglobin?
a complex protein made up of four protein chains, each with a central iron-containing heme group; bind with molecules of oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin (4 O2 molecules per hemoglobin molecule) (red colour in red blood cells)
Blood without hemoglobin carries only _____of oxygen per 100mL of blood. Blood with hemoglobin carries ______of oxygen per 100mL of blood.
about 0.3mL ; about 20mL
What causes altitude sickness?
increase in altitude = decrease in partial pressure = decreased diffusion of oxygen to the body
