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SBI3UO - Animal Systems > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)

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2
Q

Define gas exchange

A

the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported out of cells

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3
Q

In simple organisms,

A

O2 diffuses directly from the environment through the cell membrane and CO2 diffuses out; no specialized cells required

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4
Q

In most large, multicellular animals,

A

O2 and CO2 are exchanged with the environment via specialized organ system

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5
Q

What is ventilation?

A

inhalation and exhalation

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6
Q

What is external respiration?

A

gas exchange between alveoli and blood

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7
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

gas exchange between blood and cells

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8
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

energy production in mitochondria

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9
Q

Air enters through nostrils and is

A

warmed (capillaries), filtered (cilia), and moistened

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10
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

common path for air and food; branches into trachea and esophagus

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11
Q

What is the trachea?

A

connects pharynx to lungs; divides into bronchi; contains C-shaped rings of cartilage to keep the airway open

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12
Q

Lungs

A

joined to trachea by bronchi; bronchi divide into bronchioles; each bronchiole ends in alveolar sac

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13
Q

What are alveoli?

A

tiny, hollow air sacs; one call thick; surrounded by capillary system; where gas exchange occurs; increase surface area

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14
Q

How do most aquatic organisms obtain oxygen?

A

gills

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15
Q

What are gills?

A

folded and branched structures that provide max surface area; O2 can be absorbed and CO2 removed

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16
Q

What are gills made of?

A

made up of several gill arches, made up of rows of gill filaments which have capillaries in them

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17
Q

What is countercurrent exchange?

A

when blood flows in the opposite direction to the flow of O2 rich water; maximizes amount of O2 that diffuses in the blood since blood with lower [O2] is always adjacent to water with higher [O2]

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18
Q

Breathing

A

involuntary inhalation and exhalation; delivers O2 to alveoli and removes CO2; controlled by medulla oblongata

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19
Q

If you hold your breath,

A

chemoreceptors detect change in blood pH; blood high in CO2 has lower than normal pH; drop in pH causes medulla oblongata to stimulate breathing

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20
Q

Oxygen moves from the ______ to the _______ (liquid component of blood called plasma)

A

air in the alveoli (13.3 kPa) HIGH ; bloodstream (5.33 kPa) LOW

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21
Q

The circulatory system transports O2 to the body cells in two ways:

A

attached to hemoglobin within red blood cells (98.5%) and dissolved in blood plasma (1.5%)

22
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

a complex protein made up of four protein chains, each with a central iron-containing heme group; bind with molecules of oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin (4 O2 molecules per hemoglobin molecule) (red colour in red blood cells)

23
Q

Blood without hemoglobin carries only _____of oxygen per 100mL of blood. Blood with hemoglobin carries ______of oxygen per 100mL of blood.

A

about 0.3mL ; about 20mL

24
Q

What causes altitude sickness?

A

increase in altitude = decrease in partial pressure = decreased diffusion of oxygen to the body

25
Q

Symptoms of altitude sickness

A

shortness of breath, headache, dizziness, tiredness, and nausea

26
Q

Causes of asthma

A

chronic, long-term inflammation of the lining of bronchi and bronchioles; lining of airway swells and reduces airflow to lungs; overproduction of mucus contributes to reduced airflow

27
Q

Triggers of asthma

A

cigarette smoke, dust, cold air, exercise, allergens (i.e. pollen, animal dander)

28
Q

Symptoms of asthma

A

coughing, wheezing, tightness in chest, shortness of breath

29
Q

Treatments for asthma

A

not curable; avoiding triggers, inhalers (puffers) provide medications that dilate bronchi and bronchioles

30
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

bronchitis + emphysema - causes permanent damage to alveoli and they lose their shape and elasticity impacting gas exchange; 80-90% caused by cigarette smoke,

31
Q

Causes of COPD

A

mostly caused by cigarette smoke; other causes include long term exposure to pollution, dust, or fumes; genetic disorders can cause emphysema

32
Q

Symptoms of COPD

A

similar to asthma

33
Q

Treatments for COPD

A

not curable; medications, lifestyle changes, oxygen therapy, lung transplants in extreme cases

34
Q

Causes of influenza (the flu)

A

flu virus

35
Q

Symptoms of influenza

A

fever, dry cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle and joint aches

36
Q

Treatments for influenza

A

antiviral drugs if diagnosed within first 24-48 hrs

37
Q

Causes of tuberculosis (TB)

A

bacterial infection; infects lungs at first, but if not treated can affect nervous system, bones, joints, and spine; most cases occur in developing countries

38
Q

Symptoms of TB

A

coughing, chest pain, weight loss, night sweats, coughing up blood, sometimes no symptoms

39
Q

Treatments for TB

A

vaccination for prevention; 6 month course of antibiotics if you get infected

40
Q

Causes of pneumonia

A

lung infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi; inflammation of lining of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli; pus and mucus accumulates in alveoli preventing gas exchange

41
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia

A

fever, cough, shortness of breath, yellow and green phlegm

42
Q

Treatments for pneumonia

A

antibiotics treat bacterial pneumonia; infants and elderly especially susceptible due to weakened immune system

43
Q

Causes of cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

genetic disorder, gene that controls mucus production is defective; thick and sticky mucus clogs airways reducing airflow; also affects digestion (pancreatic function)

44
Q

Symptoms of CF

A

persistent cough, excess mucus, more susceptible to lung infection (i.e. pneumonia)

45
Q

Treatments for CF

A

not curable; clearing excess mucus (percussion); antibiotics treat other infections; ongoing physiotherapy, lung transplants

46
Q

What is the single greatest cause of respiratory diseases and preventable deaths in the developed world?

A

smoking

47
Q

Three substances in cigarettes that cause the most problems:

A

nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar

48
Q

Nicotine

A

an insecticide; very addictive and acts as a natural painkiller

49
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

affects hemoglobin so that oxygen delivery is reduced

50
Q

Tar

A

a black sticky substance that binds to the alveoli preventing gas exchange

SBI3UO - Animal Systems (4 decks)

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