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SBI3UO - Animal Systems > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of organisms that don’t need a circulatory system

A

unicellular organisms (direct contact w/ environment), sponges (only 2 cell layers = all body cells close enough to external environment)

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2
Q

What are the three fundamental features of a circulatory system?

A

a fluid that transports materials, a network of tubes in which the fluid circulates (veins, arteries, capillaries), and a pump that pushes the fluid

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3
Q

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

open and closed

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4
Q

Open circulatory systems

A

Circulating fluid is pumped into an interconnected system of body cavities, where it bathes cells directly

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5
Q

What is hemolymph?

A

circulating fluid in open circulatory systems; a mixture of blood and tissue fluid

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6
Q

Why are open circulatory systems inefficient?

A

hemolymph is under low pressure and circulates slowly

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7
Q

Closed circulatory systems

A

fluid contained within a network of tubes (blood vessels); blood is separated from tissue fluid, which provides a medium for the diffusion of substances; all vertebrates and some invertebrates have closed systems

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8
Q

Label a-d

A

a) fish
b) amphibian
c) reptile
d) mammal or bird

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9
Q

Three circuit circulation

A

circulation to the lungs (pulmonary) separate from circulation to the rest of the body (systemic); heart works as double pump; coronary circuit supplies blood to heart

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10
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

circulates blood to the lungs for gas exchange with the external environment

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11
Q

Systemic circuit

A

circulates blood around the body for gas exchange with all cells of the body

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12
Q

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are separated by the _____

A

heart septum

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13
Q

What are arteries?

A

thick-walled blood vessels that always carry blood away from the heart

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14
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

artery that carries blood away from the heart to the lungs

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15
Q

What are veins?

A

thin-walled blood vessels that always carries blood towards the heart; valves allow one-way flow

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16
Q

What are pulmonary arteries?

A

carry blood away from the lungs to the heart

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17
Q

What are capillaries?

A

narrowest of all blood vessels; red blood cells travel in single file; connects various arterial and venous systems; branching increases surface area available for diffusion

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18
Q

___ –> ___ –> ___ –> ___ –> ___

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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19
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

pressure exerted on the arterial walls

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20
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

ventricles contract

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21
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

ventricles relax

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22
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

with a sphygmomanometer in mmHg; systolic/diastolic

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23
Q

What does the elastic property of blood vessels allow for?

A

the continuous blood flow throughout the circulatory system

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24
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

the difference between your systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

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25
Where is blood pressure the highest?
in the aorta
26
Blood pressure and velocity both _____ as blood enters the arterioles. The drop in pressure results from the ______ to blood flow
decline; resistance (friction)
27
What do low and high blood pressure do?
low blood pressure reduces your capacity to transport blood; high blood pressure weakens and ruptures arterial walls
28
What is hypertension?
high blood pressure; increased resistance in blood flow leads to sustained levels of high blood pressure; blood vessels are stressed and weakened; healing of vessels makes them less elastic, can rupture; heart compensates by working harder, can lead to heart failure
29
What is arteriosclerosis?
hardening/loss of elasticity of the arteries due to too much pressure in the arteries over time
30
What is atherosclerosis?
the hardening of the arteries due to the buildup of plaque on the inside of the walls of the arteries; most common form of arteriosclerosis
31
What is plaque?
deposits of fat, cholesterol, and calcium; can build up on the artery walls
32
What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?
when arteriosclerosis occurs in the coronary arteries; leading cause of death in Canada
33
Name two risk factors of cardiovascular disease
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, being overweight, smoking, physical inactivity, genetics, and age
34
What is angina?
pain in the chest, left shoulder, or neck caused by insufficient blood supply to the cardiac muscles; common symptom of CAD
35
What is angina most commonly mistaken for and what is it often triggered by?
heartburn; often triggered by increased physical activity that increases the demand for oxygen
36
What is an angioplasty?
involves opening up blocked arteries by inflating a small balloon to widen the artery and a stent is put in place
37
What is bypass surgery?
a surgical procedure in which an artery is grafted to a blocked artery to reroute blood flow and oxygen to the heart
38
What are the key roles of the circulatory system?
maintains homeostasis - body temp regulation and controls blood pressure; delivers and removes substances throughout the body (delivers nutrients, O2, messages via hormones, drugs/medicine ; removes metabolic wastes, CO2, toxins)
39
What is a centrifuge?
high speed, circular motion; causes blood to separate by the weights of its components
40
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells (RBCs)
41
Where are RBCs produced and stored?
produced in bone marrow and stored in spleen; constantly destroyed and replaced
42
Name two characteristics of RBCs
biconcave shape makes it more flexible for travelling through blood vessels; no nucleus; no mitochondria; contains hemoglobin
43
What is hemoglobin?
a complex protein made up of four protein chains, each with a central iron-containing heme group; bind with molecules of oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin (4 O2 molecules per hemoglobin molecule) (red colour in red blood cells)
44
What is anemia?
medical condition where there is a less than normal amount of hemoglobin in the blood; less hemoglobin = less O2 in body
45
What are the causes of anemia?
genetic disorder (i.e. sickle cell anemia or thalassemias) or a great loss of blood
46
What are leucocytes?
white blood cells (WBC)
47
Where are WBCs produced?
in bone marrow
48
Characteristics of WBCs?
amoeboid-shaped; contain nucleus and lysosomes
49
Roles of WBCs?
part of immune system; detects and defends body from infection and diseases
50
What do lysosomes do?
digest foreign bacteria
51
What is pus?
WBCs (living and dead) + bacteria at site of infection; body's natural "soap"
52
What does an increase in WBCs indicate?
body is fighting an infection
53
What is leukemia?
cancer of WBCs; WBCs produced in overabundance in bone marrow and bone marrow becomes crowded and unable to manufacture other blood cells; malignant WBCs can leave bone marrow, travel bloodstream, and affect other organs
54
What are platelets?
fragments of special cells from the bone marrow; important for circulatory system repair; form clots
55
How do platelets for clots?
detect damaged blood vessels, burst and release special adhesive chemicals, platelets stick together and form platelet plug
56
What do blood clots do?
protects body from losing blood through damaged vessel; holds vessel wound together until it can be reconstructed with new tissue growth
57
What is hemophilia?
x-linked genetic disorder; individual lacks special proteins that are needed for creating blood clots = bruise easily and bleeding excessively if cut
58
What is shock?
body/parts of body shut down because circulatory system cannot meet O2 demands of some vital organs; blood flow to arms and legs reduced to maximize O2 getting to core (vital organs)
59
What can cause shock?
blood loss, extreme fright, or emotional disturbance
60
How should you treat for shock?
put person in upright position, keep warm; apply pressure to any areas of severe bleeding, call for medical help
61
What is systole?
atria contract to fill ventricles, tricuspid and bicuspid valves forced closed, ventricles contract to force blood from heart, pulmonary and aortic semi-lunar valves open
62
What is diastole?
blood enters all four chambers; pulmonary veins --\> left atrium; inferior and superior vena cava --\> right atrium; left and right AV valves open; pulmonary and aortic semi-lunar valves closed
63
What is a double circulatory system?
right side deoxygenated blood, left side oxygenated blood
64
What is the cardiac cycle?
one complete heartbeat (contraction and relaxation of each chamber), normally 0.8s; systole and diastole
65
What is myogenic muscle?
can contract/relax on its own without stimulation from an external source; safety mechanism in case nervous system is damaged
66
What is the heartbeat initiated by?
sinoatrial (SA) node, top of right atrium
67
Lubb
shutting of atrioventricular valves when ventricles contract
68
Dubb
shutting of semilunar valves when ventricles relax; prevents blood from re-entering ventricles
69
What is an Electrocardiogram? (ECG)
a record of electrical impulses generated by a beating heart
70
*P wave*
SA node firing and contraction of atria
71
*QRS* *complex*
contraction of ventricles and closing of AV valves (lubb)
72
*T wave*
relaxing of ventricles and closing of semilunar valves (dubb)
73
What is stroke volume?
amount of blood pumped by left ventricle each time it contracts
74
What is heart rate?
number of beats/minute
75
What is cardiac output?
volume of blood pumped from left ventricle into aorta/minute i.e. 70 (beats/min) \* 70 (mL/beat) = 4900 mL/minute
76
What is a myocardial infarction?
heart attack; death of an area of heart muscle tissue due to oxygen deprivation; frequent consequence of CAD
77
Symptoms of a heart attack
chest pain, difficulty breathing, pain in the arm, nausea, vomiting and sweating; can appear hours or days before actual heart attack
78
What is arrhythmia?
heart generates an irregular heart beat pattern; blood not pushed in a coordinated fashion, reduces ability to transport O2 effectively
79
What are causes of arrhythmia?
irregular signals from the heart's nodes, faulty valves, or a blockage of an artery
80
What is a pacemaker?
devices that activate SA node electronically and relays the message automatically; used by patients w/ irregular heart beat pattern or require assisted heart beating
81
Downsides of artificial pacemakers?
cannot adjust to different O2 needs and require battery change once every few years
82
What do artificial valves do?
help replace faulty/damaged valves that occur from injuries, obesity, or genetic history
83
label all the thingys
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SBI3UO - Animal Systems (4 decks)

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