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SBI3UO - Animal Systems > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of organisms that don’t need a circulatory system

A

unicellular organisms (direct contact w/ environment), sponges (only 2 cell layers = all body cells close enough to external environment)

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2
Q

What are the three fundamental features of a circulatory system?

A

a fluid that transports materials, a network of tubes in which the fluid circulates (veins, arteries, capillaries), and a pump that pushes the fluid

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3
Q

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

open and closed

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4
Q

Open circulatory systems

A

Circulating fluid is pumped into an interconnected system of body cavities, where it bathes cells directly

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5
Q

What is hemolymph?

A

circulating fluid in open circulatory systems; a mixture of blood and tissue fluid

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6
Q

Why are open circulatory systems inefficient?

A

hemolymph is under low pressure and circulates slowly

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7
Q

Closed circulatory systems

A

fluid contained within a network of tubes (blood vessels); blood is separated from tissue fluid, which provides a medium for the diffusion of substances; all vertebrates and some invertebrates have closed systems

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8
Q

Label a-d

A

a) fish
b) amphibian
c) reptile
d) mammal or bird

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9
Q

Three circuit circulation

A

circulation to the lungs (pulmonary) separate from circulation to the rest of the body (systemic); heart works as double pump; coronary circuit supplies blood to heart

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10
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

circulates blood to the lungs for gas exchange with the external environment

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11
Q

Systemic circuit

A

circulates blood around the body for gas exchange with all cells of the body

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12
Q

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are separated by the _____

A

heart septum

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13
Q

What are arteries?

A

thick-walled blood vessels that always carry blood away from the heart

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14
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

artery that carries blood away from the heart to the lungs

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15
Q

What are veins?

A

thin-walled blood vessels that always carries blood towards the heart; valves allow one-way flow

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16
Q

What are pulmonary arteries?

A

carry blood away from the lungs to the heart

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17
Q

What are capillaries?

A

narrowest of all blood vessels; red blood cells travel in single file; connects various arterial and venous systems; branching increases surface area available for diffusion

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18
Q

___ –> ___ –> ___ –> ___ –> ___

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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19
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

pressure exerted on the arterial walls

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20
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

ventricles contract

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21
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

ventricles relax

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22
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

with a sphygmomanometer in mmHg; systolic/diastolic

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23
Q

What does the elastic property of blood vessels allow for?

A

the continuous blood flow throughout the circulatory system

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24
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

the difference between your systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

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25
Q

Where is blood pressure the highest?

A

in the aorta

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26
Q

Blood pressure and velocity both _____ as blood enters the arterioles. The drop in pressure results from the ______ to blood flow

A

decline; resistance (friction)

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27
Q

What do low and high blood pressure do?

A

low blood pressure reduces your capacity to transport blood; high blood pressure weakens and ruptures arterial walls

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28
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure; increased resistance in blood flow leads to sustained levels of high blood pressure; blood vessels are stressed and weakened; healing of vessels makes them less elastic, can rupture; heart compensates by working harder, can lead to heart failure

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29
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

hardening/loss of elasticity of the arteries due to too much pressure in the arteries over time

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30
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

the hardening of the arteries due to the buildup of plaque on the inside of the walls of the arteries; most common form of arteriosclerosis

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31
Q

What is plaque?

A

deposits of fat, cholesterol, and calcium; can build up on the artery walls

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32
Q

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

A

when arteriosclerosis occurs in the coronary arteries; leading cause of death in Canada

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33
Q

Name two risk factors of cardiovascular disease

A

high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, being overweight, smoking, physical inactivity, genetics, and age

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34
Q

What is angina?

A

pain in the chest, left shoulder, or neck caused by insufficient blood supply to the cardiac muscles; common symptom of CAD

35
Q

What is angina most commonly mistaken for and what is it often triggered by?

A

heartburn; often triggered by increased physical activity that increases the demand for oxygen

36
Q

What is an angioplasty?

A

involves opening up blocked arteries by inflating a small balloon to widen the artery and a stent is put in place

37
Q

What is bypass surgery?

A

a surgical procedure in which an artery is grafted to a blocked artery to reroute blood flow and oxygen to the heart

38
Q

What are the key roles of the circulatory system?

A

maintains homeostasis - body temp regulation and controls blood pressure; delivers and removes substances throughout the body (delivers nutrients, O2, messages via hormones, drugs/medicine ; removes metabolic wastes, CO2, toxins)

39
Q

What is a centrifuge?

A

high speed, circular motion; causes blood to separate by the weights of its components

40
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells (RBCs)

41
Q

Where are RBCs produced and stored?

A

produced in bone marrow and stored in spleen; constantly destroyed and replaced

42
Q

Name two characteristics of RBCs

A

biconcave shape makes it more flexible for travelling through blood vessels; no nucleus; no mitochondria; contains hemoglobin

43
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

a complex protein made up of four protein chains, each with a central iron-containing heme group; bind with molecules of oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin (4 O2 molecules per hemoglobin molecule) (red colour in red blood cells)

44
Q

What is anemia?

A

medical condition where there is a less than normal amount of hemoglobin in the blood; less hemoglobin = less O2 in body

45
Q

What are the causes of anemia?

A

genetic disorder (i.e. sickle cell anemia or thalassemias) or a great loss of blood

46
Q

What are leucocytes?

A

white blood cells (WBC)

47
Q

Where are WBCs produced?

A

in bone marrow

48
Q

Characteristics of WBCs?

A

amoeboid-shaped; contain nucleus and lysosomes

49
Q

Roles of WBCs?

A

part of immune system; detects and defends body from infection and diseases

50
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

digest foreign bacteria

51
Q

What is pus?

A

WBCs (living and dead) + bacteria at site of infection; body’s natural “soap”

52
Q

What does an increase in WBCs indicate?

A

body is fighting an infection

53
Q

What is leukemia?

A

cancer of WBCs; WBCs produced in overabundance in bone marrow and bone marrow becomes crowded and unable to manufacture other blood cells; malignant WBCs can leave bone marrow, travel bloodstream, and affect other organs

54
Q

What are platelets?

A

fragments of special cells from the bone marrow; important for circulatory system repair; form clots

55
Q

How do platelets for clots?

A

detect damaged blood vessels, burst and release special adhesive chemicals, platelets stick together and form platelet plug

56
Q

What do blood clots do?

A

protects body from losing blood through damaged vessel; holds vessel wound together until it can be reconstructed with new tissue growth

57
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

x-linked genetic disorder; individual lacks special proteins that are needed for creating blood clots = bruise easily and bleeding excessively if cut

58
Q

What is shock?

A

body/parts of body shut down because circulatory system cannot meet O2 demands of some vital organs; blood flow to arms and legs reduced to maximize O2 getting to core (vital organs)

59
Q

What can cause shock?

A

blood loss, extreme fright, or emotional disturbance

60
Q

How should you treat for shock?

A

put person in upright position, keep warm; apply pressure to any areas of severe bleeding, call for medical help

61
Q

What is systole?

A

atria contract to fill ventricles, tricuspid and bicuspid valves forced closed, ventricles contract to force blood from heart, pulmonary and aortic semi-lunar valves open

62
Q

What is diastole?

A

blood enters all four chambers; pulmonary veins –> left atrium; inferior and superior vena cava –> right atrium; left and right AV valves open; pulmonary and aortic semi-lunar valves closed

63
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

right side deoxygenated blood, left side oxygenated blood

64
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

one complete heartbeat (contraction and relaxation of each chamber), normally 0.8s; systole and diastole

65
Q

What is myogenic muscle?

A

can contract/relax on its own without stimulation from an external source; safety mechanism in case nervous system is damaged

66
Q

What is the heartbeat initiated by?

A

sinoatrial (SA) node, top of right atrium

67
Q

Lubb

A

shutting of atrioventricular valves when ventricles contract

68
Q

Dubb

A

shutting of semilunar valves when ventricles relax; prevents blood from re-entering ventricles

69
Q

What is an Electrocardiogram? (ECG)

A

a record of electrical impulses generated by a beating heart

70
Q

P wave

A

SA node firing and contraction of atria

71
Q

QRS complex

A

contraction of ventricles and closing of AV valves (lubb)

72
Q

T wave

A

relaxing of ventricles and closing of semilunar valves (dubb)

73
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood pumped by left ventricle each time it contracts

74
Q

What is heart rate?

A

number of beats/minute

75
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

volume of blood pumped from left ventricle into aorta/minute

i.e. 70 (beats/min) * 70 (mL/beat) = 4900 mL/minute

76
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

heart attack; death of an area of heart muscle tissue due to oxygen deprivation; frequent consequence of CAD

77
Q

Symptoms of a heart attack

A

chest pain, difficulty breathing, pain in the arm, nausea, vomiting and sweating; can appear hours or days before actual heart attack

78
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

heart generates an irregular heart beat pattern; blood not pushed in a coordinated fashion, reduces ability to transport O2 effectively

79
Q

What are causes of arrhythmia?

A

irregular signals from the heart’s nodes, faulty valves, or a blockage of an artery

80
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

devices that activate SA node electronically and relays the message automatically; used by patients w/ irregular heart beat pattern or require assisted heart beating

81
Q

Downsides of artificial pacemakers?

A

cannot adjust to different O2 needs and require battery change once every few years

82
Q

What do artificial valves do?

A

help replace faulty/damaged valves that occur from injuries, obesity, or genetic history

83
Q

label all the thingys

A

.

SBI3UO - Animal Systems (4 decks)

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