Respiratory System Flashcards
What is cellular respiration?
metabolic process to make ATP
What are stomata?
pores for gas exchange/respiration in plant leaves
cnidaria us ___ of gases
simple diffusion
Simple diffusion
is where molecules travel across a selectively permeable membrane by concentration gradients
animals that use simple diffusion have a ___ surface area and almost all cells are in contact with a ___ environment.
large, moist
annelida use __ as their means of gas exchange?
simple diffusion
how do earthworms keep their skin moist for simple diffusion?
they secrete and coat themselves in mucus
arthropoda have __ to transport a small amount of gases
hemolymph
What are the special structures insects use for respiration?
spiracles, which lead to tracheal tubes
arachnids have a ___, which leads into their book lungs
spiracle
gills have a large surface area for the ____ exchange of gases between the blood and water
counter current
___ is the gas exchange mechanism where fluids flow in different directions for increased diffusion
countercurrent exchange
___ is the gas exchange mechanism where fluids move in the same directions, which is not as good for diffusion
concurrent flow
__ creates a stronger diffusion gradient than concurrent exchange
countercurrent exchange
lungs function based on __ and __ manipulations
pressure; volume
where are lungs found?
thoracic cavity, surrounded by the rib cage
Which lung is larger- Why?
Right; the left lung needs to make room for the heart
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
How many lobes doe the left lung have?
2
Whys the left lung smaller than the right lung?
it needs to make room for the heart
the __ is a dual layered membrane that covers each lung
pleura
the __ is the outer layer of the pleura, which contacts the thoracic cavity
parietal layer
the __ is the inner layer of the pleura, which makes contact with the lungs
visceral layer
What is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura?
pleural space
intrapleural space
the pleural space contains a fluid that is always at a ___ than atmospheric pressure
lower pressure
known as intrapleural negative pressure
the intrapleural negative pressure prevents the lungs from __
collapsing
increasing the volume of the __ is responsible for moving air into the lungs
thoracic cavity
the __ is a large skeletal muscle at the bottom of the lungs
diaphragm
the diaphragm is innervated by the __ nerve
phrenic
the diaphragm pulls the lungs downward when it __ during inhalation/inspiration
contracts
the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract during ___
inhalation/inspiration
the volume __ during inhalation/inspiration
increases
pressure __ during inhalation/inspiration
decreases
volume and pressure are ___ related
inversely
___ decreases the surface tension in the lungs
pulmonary surfactant
the __ and __ muscles relax during exhalation/expiration
diaphragm; external intercostal
volume decreases during ___
exhalation/expiration
___ increases during exhalation/expiration
pressure
Which intercostal muscles contract to help with exhalation/expiration?
internal intercostals
external intercostals contract during inhalation/inspiration
at the beginning of inspiration, the intrapleural pressure begins to ___
decline
intrapleural pressure is most negative at peak __
inspiration
at the beginning of exhalation, the intrapleural pressure begins to __
rise
become less negative
the intrapleural pressure of the lungs is the least negative at peak ___
expiration
what is tidal volume?
normal breathing
more forceful inhalations allow more air to be inspired than usual (above tidal volume)- what is this volume known as?
inspiratory reserve volume
what is the volume of air left in the lungs after a normal tidal exhalation?
functional residual capacity
More forceful exhalations allow more air to be expired than usual (below tidal volume)- what is this volume known as?
expiratory reserve volume
What is the maximum volume of air that could be expired after maximum inhalation?
vital capacity
What is the volume the lungs could theoretically hold?
lung capacity
what is the first respiratory structure air contacts when air is inspired
the nasal cavity
what is the function of the nasal cavity
warm and moisten incoming air
__ cells and ciliated __ cells are found in the nasal cavity
goblet, epithelial
what are the columnar cells that secrete mucus to trap debris form inspired air?
Goblet cells
which cells move debris that gets trapped in goblet cell mucus?
ciliated epithelial cells
the __ is found after the nasal cavity, and it marks the beginning of the throat
pharynx
what does the pharynx divide into?
the larynx and esophagus
the __ is the structure in the throat that diverts food/air into their appropriate tubes
epiglottis
the epiglottis prevents food from entering the __ by covering it during swallowing to divert food/fluid into the ___
larynx; esophagus
after the larynx continues onto the upper ___
trachea
What are the components o the upper respiratory tract?
nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, the upper trachea
the trachea is reinforced by C-shaped __ to prevent collapse
cartilage
the trachea is covered in __ cells that filter the air
ciliated epithelial
the trachea splits into the __
bronchi
bronchi continue to the ___–>___
bronchioles; alveoli
type 1 alveolar epithelial cells are responsible for __ of the alveoli
structural support
type 2 alveolar epithelial cells are responsible for __ into the alveoli
surfactant secretion
what doe the surfactant produced by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells do?
it prevents alveoli from collapsing
what are the components of the lower respiratory tract?
trachea; bronchi; bronchioles, alveoli
what is the pathway of air int he human respiratory system?
nasal cavity/oral cavity–> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi–> bronchioles–> alveoli
air travels from the nose to the lung alveoli for gas exchange in __ respiration
external
gas exchange occurs between the blood and body tissues in __ respiration
internal
gas exchange occurs due to differences in __
partial pressure
__ refers to the pressure entered by 1 gas in a mixture of gases
partial pressure
__ of gases does not require energy because molecules move down their concentration gradient
simply diffusion
air entering the alveolus has a ___ partial pressure of O2 and a __ partial pressure of CO2
high; low
blood arriving at alveolar capillaries has a __ partial pressure of O2 and a __ partial pressure of CO2
low; high
erythrocytes (RBC) house millions of __, which carry oxygen
tetrameric hemoglobin polypeptides
a __ is a non-protein chemical that assists with a biological chemical reaction
cofactor
__ are organic cofactors that assist hemoglobin binding to oxygen
heme groups
what are the components of heme cofactors
porphyrin rings with a central ferrous iron atom (Fe2+)
heme iron is also known as __ iron
Ferrous (Fe2+)
heme iron oxidized to __ can’t bind oxygen
ferric iron (Fe3+)
heme from broken down hemoglobin forms ___, which is a competent of bilirubin
bile
~98% of O2 is transport through the blood as ___
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
~2% of O2 is transported through the blood as __
O2 dissolved in plasma
__ has a 200x greater affinity for hemoglobin than O2
carbon monoxide (CO)
carbon monoxide (CO) makes ) __ (HbCO), which suffocates cells
carboxyhemoglobin
what is it called when hemoglobin is bound to CO2?
carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)
how does most carbon dioxide travel in the blood?
as bicarbonate anion (HCO3-)
what is the term that describes how binding/unbinding of another even easier?
cooperativity
the __ described the % of hemoglobin that is saturated with O2 under various conditions
oxygen dissociation curve
hemoglobin binds more tightly to O2 in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve, which means it is harder to release O2 to the tissues
left
hemoglobin binds more loosely to O2 in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve, which means it is easier to release O2 to the tissues
right
when is a right-shifted curve important?
anemia; high altitudes; vigorous exercise
describe what is means to be anemic:
low levels heme iron (ferrous-Fe2+)
high partial pressures of carbon dioxide create __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves
Right
lower hemoglobin affinity for O2-easier to release O2 to the tissues
How do high partial pressures of CO2 create a right-shifted oxygen dissociation curve?
decreases the pH (increases H+) concentration due to the bicarbonate buffering system, which leads to reduced hemoglobin (H+Hb)
decreased pH (increased H+ conc.) creates __ shifted oxygen dissociated curves by reducing hemoglobin to H+Hb
right
lower hemoglobin affinity for O2- easier to release O2 to tissues
low partial pressure of carbon dioxide create __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves
left
higher hemoglobin affinity for O2 -hemoglobin wants to hold onto O2 more tightly
reduced hemoglobin (H+Hb) creates __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves
right
lower hemoglobin affinity for O2 -easier to release O2 to the tissues
decreased partial pressures of carbon dioxide lead to left shifted curves because it leads to fewer available __ by the bicarbonate buffering system
H+ (lower H+ conc. –> increased pH)
increase pH (decreased H+ conc.) creates __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves
Left
higher hemoglobin affinity for O2- hemoglobin wants to hold onto O2 more tightly
why does an increased pH (decreased H+ conc.) left-shift the oxygen dissociation curve?
not as many H+ are available to displace oxygen from hemoglobin -aka to reduce hemoglobin to H + Hb
increased temperature will result in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve
right
higher temperature increases the metabolic rate- aka increases the cellular requirement for oxygen
increased temperature –> increased metabolic rate –> increased ___ (metabolic by product), which leads to a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve
2,3-BPG; right
decreased temperature will result in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve
left
lower temperature decreases the metabolic rate- aka decreases the cellular respiration requirement for oxygen
decreased temperature –> decreased metabolic rate–> decreased ___ (metabolic by product), which leads to a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve
2,3-BPG; left
fetal hemoglobin shows a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve to ensure O2 can be acquired from maternal blood
left
higher hemoglobin affinity for O2- hemoglobin wants to hold onto O2 more tightly
why is myoglobin found?
cytosol of cardiac an skeletal muscle cells
where does myoglobin obtain O2?
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
myoglobin is a __ peptide with a __ heme cofactor
single; 1
why does myoglobin saturate with O2 more quickly than hemoglobin?
it is a single peptide with 1 heme cofactor, so it does not experience cooperativity
the oxygen dissociation curve for myoglobin is __
hyperbolic
the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin is __
sigmoidal
the __ effect states hemoglobin has decreased affinity for O2 when CO2 is high
Bohr
the __ effect says that the deoxygenation of blood increases its ability to carry CO2
Haldane
gasses always travel down their __ gradient
pressure
how does gas exchange occur at the level of the tissues?
CO2 leaves tissues and enters the RBC; O2 leaves the RBC and enters tissues
the __ maintains a pH between 7.2 at the tissues and 7.6 at the lungs
bicarbonate buffering system
__ combines CO2 + H2O to form H2CO3
carbonic anhydrase
H2CO3 dissociates into __ and H+
HCO3- (bicarbonate)
__ can leave a red blood cell, but __ cannot
HCO3- (bicarbonate anion); H+
Cl- must diffuse into RBCs to replace HCO3- that leaves to enter the blood plasma- this is known as the __
chloride shift
the chloride shift occurs at the __, while the reverse chloride shift occurs at the __
tissues; lungs
the __ controls respiration by telling the diaphragm when to contract via signal through the phrenic nerve
medulla oblongata
the medulla oblongata contains __ chemoreceptors, which are protected by the __
central; blood brain barrier
what is the function of central chemoreceptors?
detect the concentration of CO2 and pH in the cerebrospinal fluid
where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?
in bodies surround the aortic arch and carotid arteries
what is the function of peripheral chemoreceptors?
detect changes in the concentration of O2, CO2, and H+ in arterial blood
CO2 and H+ levels are __ when arterial O2 is __
high; low
hypoventilation causes CO2 to accumulate, which decreases the pH (bicarbonate buffering system)- what is this known as?
respiratory acidosis
what is the response to respiratory acidosis?
hyperventilation
hyperventilation causes CO2 to deplete, which increases the pH (bicarbonate buffering system)- what is this known as?
respiratory alkalosis
what is the response to respiratory alkalosis?
hypoventilation
