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Respiratory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

metabolic process to make ATP

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2
Q

What are stomata?

A

pores for gas exchange/respiration in plant leaves

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3
Q

cnidaria us ___ of gases

A

simple diffusion

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4
Q

Simple diffusion

A

is where molecules travel across a selectively permeable membrane by concentration gradients

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5
Q

animals that use simple diffusion have a ___ surface area and almost all cells are in contact with a ___ environment.

A

large, moist

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6
Q

annelida use __ as their means of gas exchange?

A

simple diffusion

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7
Q

how do earthworms keep their skin moist for simple diffusion?

A

they secrete and coat themselves in mucus

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8
Q

arthropoda have __ to transport a small amount of gases

A

hemolymph

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9
Q

What are the special structures insects use for respiration?

A

spiracles, which lead to tracheal tubes

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10
Q

arachnids have a ___, which leads into their book lungs

A

spiracle

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11
Q

gills have a large surface area for the ____ exchange of gases between the blood and water

A

counter current

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12
Q

___ is the gas exchange mechanism where fluids flow in different directions for increased diffusion

A

countercurrent exchange

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13
Q

___ is the gas exchange mechanism where fluids move in the same directions, which is not as good for diffusion

A

concurrent flow

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14
Q

__ creates a stronger diffusion gradient than concurrent exchange

A

countercurrent exchange

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15
Q

lungs function based on __ and __ manipulations

A

pressure; volume

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16
Q

where are lungs found?

A

thoracic cavity, surrounded by the rib cage

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17
Q

Which lung is larger- Why?

A

Right; the left lung needs to make room for the heart

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18
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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19
Q

How many lobes doe the left lung have?

A

2

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20
Q

Whys the left lung smaller than the right lung?

A

it needs to make room for the heart

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21
Q

the __ is a dual layered membrane that covers each lung

A

pleura

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22
Q

the __ is the outer layer of the pleura, which contacts the thoracic cavity

A

parietal layer

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23
Q

the __ is the inner layer of the pleura, which makes contact with the lungs

A

visceral layer

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24
Q

What is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura?

A

pleural space

intrapleural space

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25
Q

the pleural space contains a fluid that is always at a ___ than atmospheric pressure

A

lower pressure

known as intrapleural negative pressure

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26
Q

the intrapleural negative pressure prevents the lungs from __

A

collapsing

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27
Q

increasing the volume of the __ is responsible for moving air into the lungs

A

thoracic cavity

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28
Q

the __ is a large skeletal muscle at the bottom of the lungs

A

diaphragm

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29
Q

the diaphragm is innervated by the __ nerve

A

phrenic

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30
Q

the diaphragm pulls the lungs downward when it __ during inhalation/inspiration

A

contracts

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31
Q

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract during ___

A

inhalation/inspiration

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32
Q

the volume __ during inhalation/inspiration

A

increases

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33
Q

pressure __ during inhalation/inspiration

A

decreases

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34
Q

volume and pressure are ___ related

A

inversely

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35
Q

___ decreases the surface tension in the lungs

A

pulmonary surfactant

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36
Q

the __ and __ muscles relax during exhalation/expiration

A

diaphragm; external intercostal

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37
Q

volume decreases during ___

A

exhalation/expiration

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38
Q

___ increases during exhalation/expiration

A

pressure

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39
Q

Which intercostal muscles contract to help with exhalation/expiration?

A

internal intercostals

external intercostals contract during inhalation/inspiration

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40
Q

at the beginning of inspiration, the intrapleural pressure begins to ___

A

decline

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41
Q

intrapleural pressure is most negative at peak __

A

inspiration

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42
Q

at the beginning of exhalation, the intrapleural pressure begins to __

A

rise

become less negative

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43
Q

the intrapleural pressure of the lungs is the least negative at peak ___

A

expiration

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44
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

normal breathing

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45
Q

more forceful inhalations allow more air to be inspired than usual (above tidal volume)- what is this volume known as?

A

inspiratory reserve volume

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46
Q

what is the volume of air left in the lungs after a normal tidal exhalation?

A

functional residual capacity

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47
Q

More forceful exhalations allow more air to be expired than usual (below tidal volume)- what is this volume known as?

A

expiratory reserve volume

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48
Q

What is the maximum volume of air that could be expired after maximum inhalation?

A

vital capacity

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49
Q

What is the volume the lungs could theoretically hold?

A

lung capacity

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50
Q

what is the first respiratory structure air contacts when air is inspired

A

the nasal cavity

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51
Q

what is the function of the nasal cavity

A

warm and moisten incoming air

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52
Q

__ cells and ciliated __ cells are found in the nasal cavity

A

goblet, epithelial

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53
Q

what are the columnar cells that secrete mucus to trap debris form inspired air?

A

Goblet cells

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54
Q

which cells move debris that gets trapped in goblet cell mucus?

A

ciliated epithelial cells

55
Q

the __ is found after the nasal cavity, and it marks the beginning of the throat

A

pharynx

56
Q

what does the pharynx divide into?

A

the larynx and esophagus

57
Q

the __ is the structure in the throat that diverts food/air into their appropriate tubes

A

epiglottis

58
Q

the epiglottis prevents food from entering the __ by covering it during swallowing to divert food/fluid into the ___

A

larynx; esophagus

59
Q

after the larynx continues onto the upper ___

A

trachea

60
Q

What are the components o the upper respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, the upper trachea

61
Q

the trachea is reinforced by C-shaped __ to prevent collapse

A

cartilage

62
Q

the trachea is covered in __ cells that filter the air

A

ciliated epithelial

63
Q

the trachea splits into the __

A

bronchi

64
Q

bronchi continue to the ___–>___

A

bronchioles; alveoli

65
Q

type 1 alveolar epithelial cells are responsible for __ of the alveoli

A

structural support

66
Q

type 2 alveolar epithelial cells are responsible for __ into the alveoli

A

surfactant secretion

67
Q

what doe the surfactant produced by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells do?

A

it prevents alveoli from collapsing

68
Q

what are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea; bronchi; bronchioles, alveoli

69
Q

what is the pathway of air int he human respiratory system?

A

nasal cavity/oral cavity–> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi–> bronchioles–> alveoli

70
Q

air travels from the nose to the lung alveoli for gas exchange in __ respiration

A

external

71
Q

gas exchange occurs between the blood and body tissues in __ respiration

A

internal

72
Q

gas exchange occurs due to differences in __

A

partial pressure

73
Q

__ refers to the pressure entered by 1 gas in a mixture of gases

A

partial pressure

74
Q

__ of gases does not require energy because molecules move down their concentration gradient

A

simply diffusion

75
Q

air entering the alveolus has a ___ partial pressure of O2 and a __ partial pressure of CO2

A

high; low

76
Q

blood arriving at alveolar capillaries has a __ partial pressure of O2 and a __ partial pressure of CO2

A

low; high

77
Q

erythrocytes (RBC) house millions of __, which carry oxygen

A

tetrameric hemoglobin polypeptides

78
Q

a __ is a non-protein chemical that assists with a biological chemical reaction

A

cofactor

79
Q

__ are organic cofactors that assist hemoglobin binding to oxygen

A

heme groups

80
Q

what are the components of heme cofactors

A

porphyrin rings with a central ferrous iron atom (Fe2+)

81
Q

heme iron is also known as __ iron

A

Ferrous (Fe2+)

82
Q

heme iron oxidized to __ can’t bind oxygen

A

ferric iron (Fe3+)

83
Q

heme from broken down hemoglobin forms ___, which is a competent of bilirubin

A

bile

84
Q

~98% of O2 is transport through the blood as ___

A

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

85
Q

~2% of O2 is transported through the blood as __

A

O2 dissolved in plasma

86
Q

__ has a 200x greater affinity for hemoglobin than O2

A

carbon monoxide (CO)

87
Q

carbon monoxide (CO) makes ) __ (HbCO), which suffocates cells

A

carboxyhemoglobin

88
Q

what is it called when hemoglobin is bound to CO2?

A

carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

89
Q

how does most carbon dioxide travel in the blood?

A

as bicarbonate anion (HCO3-)

90
Q

what is the term that describes how binding/unbinding of another even easier?

A

cooperativity

91
Q

the __ described the % of hemoglobin that is saturated with O2 under various conditions

A

oxygen dissociation curve

92
Q

hemoglobin binds more tightly to O2 in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve, which means it is harder to release O2 to the tissues

A

left

93
Q

hemoglobin binds more loosely to O2 in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve, which means it is easier to release O2 to the tissues

A

right

94
Q

when is a right-shifted curve important?

A

anemia; high altitudes; vigorous exercise

95
Q

describe what is means to be anemic:

A

low levels heme iron (ferrous-Fe2+)

96
Q

high partial pressures of carbon dioxide create __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves

A

Right

lower hemoglobin affinity for O2-easier to release O2 to the tissues

97
Q

How do high partial pressures of CO2 create a right-shifted oxygen dissociation curve?

A

decreases the pH (increases H+) concentration due to the bicarbonate buffering system, which leads to reduced hemoglobin (H+Hb)

98
Q

decreased pH (increased H+ conc.) creates __ shifted oxygen dissociated curves by reducing hemoglobin to H+Hb

A

right

lower hemoglobin affinity for O2- easier to release O2 to tissues

99
Q

low partial pressure of carbon dioxide create __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves

A

left

higher hemoglobin affinity for O2 -hemoglobin wants to hold onto O2 more tightly

100
Q

reduced hemoglobin (H+Hb) creates __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves

A

right

lower hemoglobin affinity for O2 -easier to release O2 to the tissues

101
Q

decreased partial pressures of carbon dioxide lead to left shifted curves because it leads to fewer available __ by the bicarbonate buffering system

A

H+ (lower H+ conc. –> increased pH)

102
Q

increase pH (decreased H+ conc.) creates __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves

A

Left

higher hemoglobin affinity for O2- hemoglobin wants to hold onto O2 more tightly

103
Q

why does an increased pH (decreased H+ conc.) left-shift the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

not as many H+ are available to displace oxygen from hemoglobin -aka to reduce hemoglobin to H + Hb

104
Q

increased temperature will result in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve

A

right

higher temperature increases the metabolic rate- aka increases the cellular requirement for oxygen

105
Q

increased temperature –> increased metabolic rate –> increased ___ (metabolic by product), which leads to a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve

A

2,3-BPG; right

106
Q

decreased temperature will result in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve

A

left

lower temperature decreases the metabolic rate- aka decreases the cellular respiration requirement for oxygen

107
Q

decreased temperature –> decreased metabolic rate–> decreased ___ (metabolic by product), which leads to a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve

A

2,3-BPG; left

108
Q

fetal hemoglobin shows a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve to ensure O2 can be acquired from maternal blood

A

left

higher hemoglobin affinity for O2- hemoglobin wants to hold onto O2 more tightly

109
Q

why is myoglobin found?

A

cytosol of cardiac an skeletal muscle cells

110
Q

where does myoglobin obtain O2?

A

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

111
Q

myoglobin is a __ peptide with a __ heme cofactor

A

single; 1

112
Q

why does myoglobin saturate with O2 more quickly than hemoglobin?

A

it is a single peptide with 1 heme cofactor, so it does not experience cooperativity

113
Q

the oxygen dissociation curve for myoglobin is __

A

hyperbolic

114
Q

the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin is __

A

sigmoidal

115
Q

the __ effect states hemoglobin has decreased affinity for O2 when CO2 is high

A

Bohr

116
Q

the __ effect says that the deoxygenation of blood increases its ability to carry CO2

A

Haldane

117
Q

gasses always travel down their __ gradient

A

pressure

118
Q

how does gas exchange occur at the level of the tissues?

A

CO2 leaves tissues and enters the RBC; O2 leaves the RBC and enters tissues

119
Q

the __ maintains a pH between 7.2 at the tissues and 7.6 at the lungs

A

bicarbonate buffering system

120
Q

__ combines CO2 + H2O to form H2CO3

A

carbonic anhydrase

121
Q

H2CO3 dissociates into __ and H+

A

HCO3- (bicarbonate)

122
Q

__ can leave a red blood cell, but __ cannot

A

HCO3- (bicarbonate anion); H+

123
Q

Cl- must diffuse into RBCs to replace HCO3- that leaves to enter the blood plasma- this is known as the __

A

chloride shift

124
Q

the chloride shift occurs at the __, while the reverse chloride shift occurs at the __

A

tissues; lungs

125
Q

the __ controls respiration by telling the diaphragm when to contract via signal through the phrenic nerve

A

medulla oblongata

126
Q

the medulla oblongata contains __ chemoreceptors, which are protected by the __

A

central; blood brain barrier

127
Q

what is the function of central chemoreceptors?

A

detect the concentration of CO2 and pH in the cerebrospinal fluid

128
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

in bodies surround the aortic arch and carotid arteries

129
Q

what is the function of peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

detect changes in the concentration of O2, CO2, and H+ in arterial blood

130
Q

CO2 and H+ levels are __ when arterial O2 is __

A

high; low

131
Q

hypoventilation causes CO2 to accumulate, which decreases the pH (bicarbonate buffering system)- what is this known as?

A

respiratory acidosis

132
Q

what is the response to respiratory acidosis?

A

hyperventilation

133
Q

hyperventilation causes CO2 to deplete, which increases the pH (bicarbonate buffering system)- what is this known as?

A

respiratory alkalosis

134
Q

what is the response to respiratory alkalosis?

A

hypoventilation

Biology DAT (4 decks)

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