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Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a circulatory system?

A

how organisms deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues

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2
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

passive movement of dissolved substances due to concentration gradient

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3
Q

List the organisms that do not have circulatory systems:

A
  • kingdom archaea
  • kingdom eubacteria
  • kingdom protista
  • kindgom fungi
  • Kingdom animalia
    1) porifera
    2) cnidaria
    3) platyhelminthes
    4) nematoda
    5) rotifera
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4
Q

How is hemolymph pumped in an insects body?

A

tubular hearts pump fluid through a single dorsal vessel–> sinuses–> hemocoel

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5
Q

How does hemolymph re-enter a relaxed insect heart?

A

ostia

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6
Q

___ allow air to pass into the tracheal system of insects

A

spiracles

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7
Q

list the invertebrate animals with an open circulatory system:

A

Kingdom Animalia

1) mollusca
2) arthropoda
3) echinodermata

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8
Q

___ is fluid that allows gas exchange in closed circulatory systems

A

blood

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9
Q

List the invertebrates with a closed circulatory system:

A

annelida (segmented worms)

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10
Q

What are the primary/true heart chambers?

A

atria and ventricles

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11
Q

2 chambered hearts have 2 chambers-What are they?

A

1 atrium, 1 ventricle

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12
Q

2 chambered hearts only pump ___ blood

A

deoxygenated

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13
Q

2 chambered hearts are ___ circulation hearts

A

single

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14
Q

What is a common example of an organism that has a 2 chambered heart?

A

fish

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15
Q

Ventricles are (stronger/weaker) than atria

A

stronger

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16
Q

3 chambered hearts have 3 primary chamber- What are they?

A

right and left atrium; single ventricle

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17
Q

3 chambered hearts mix deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in the ___

A

ventricle

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18
Q

3 chambered hearts are ___ circulation hearts

A

double

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19
Q

What types of animals have 3 chambered hearts?

A

poikilothermic amphibians and reptiles

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20
Q

4 chambered hearts have 4 primary chambers-what are they?

A

left and right atrium; left and right ventricle

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21
Q

4 chambered hearts pump both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood without ___

A

mixing the deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood

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22
Q

4 chambered hearts are ___ circulation hearts

A

double

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23
Q

What type of animals have 4 chambered hearts?

A

bird and humans (homeothermic)

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24
Q

the right atrium accepts ___ blood from vena cava

A

deoxygenated

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25
Q

blood pump from the right atrium ___, through the ____

A

right ventricle; tricuspid valve

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26
Q

What is the atrioventricular valve with 3 cusps?

A

tricuspid valve

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27
Q

What are the largest veins?

A

Vena cava

connect to the right atrium

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28
Q

What returns deoxygenated blood from above the heart?

A

Superior Vena Cava

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29
Q

What returns deoxygenated blood from below the heart?

A

inferior vena cava

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30
Q

What prevent back-flow fro the ventricles to the atria?

A

Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

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31
Q

AV valves close when what contracts?

A

papillary muscles

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32
Q

What are the stringy tendons that attach papillary muscles to AV valves

A

chord tendineae

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33
Q

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood–> pulmonary arteries through what valve?

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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34
Q

Semilunar valves have ___ cusps

A

3

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35
Q

__ valves ensure one-way flow of blood from ventricles to arteries?

A

semilunar

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36
Q

the __ take deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange

A

pulmonary arteries

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37
Q

What are the vessels moving away from the heart?

A

arteries

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38
Q

__ return oxygenated blood to the left atrium after gas exchange at the lungs

A

pulmonary veins

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39
Q

What are the vessels that carry blood toward the heart?

A

veins

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40
Q

oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle, through the ___

A

bicuspid/mitral valve

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41
Q

the bicuspid/mitral valve (AV) valve has __ to ensure unidirectional blood from the left atrium to left ventricle

A

2 cusps/flaps

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42
Q

the __ is the most muscular chamber of the heart

A

left ventricle

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43
Q

the left ventricle forcefully ejects oxygenated blood through the __ valve–> __

A

aortic semilunar; aorta

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44
Q

the __ is the largest artery

A

aorta

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45
Q

the aorta leaves from the

A

left ventricle

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46
Q

the aorta has the highest __ of any vessel

A

blood pressure

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47
Q

what are the 2 circulation of the human cardiac system?

A

pulmonary; systemic

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48
Q

__ circulation moves deoxygenated blood to the lung for oxygenation

A

pulmonary

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49
Q

__ circulation moves oxygenated blood to the body tissues

A

systemic

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50
Q

does systemic or pulmonary circulation have a higher resistance to blood flow?

A

systemic

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51
Q

how does the heart pump blood to itself?

A

coronary circulation

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52
Q

What is the muscular layer of the heart?

A

myocardium

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53
Q

What are the cells contained in the myocardium?

A

cardiomyocyctes

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54
Q

What type of cells line the inside of the heart?

A

endothelial

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55
Q

the __ lies beneath the myocardium

A

endocardium

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56
Q

__ drain deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the right atrium via the coronary sinus

A

cardiac veins

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57
Q

What is the small opening in the right atrium that cardiac veins empty into?

A

coronary sinus

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58
Q

the __ is a protective sack of fluid surrounding the heart

A

Pericardium

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59
Q

what is the fluid in the pericardium?

A

serous pericardium

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60
Q

cardiomyocytes have automaticity- what does that mean?

A

action potentials will generate without external nerves having to initiate the action potential

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61
Q

the __ is the pacemaker of the heart

A

sinoatrial node (SA node)

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62
Q

the SA node has the greatest __ in the heart

A

automaticity

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63
Q

where is the SA node located?

A

right atrium

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64
Q

even though the heart can function completely independently, beating pace is influenced by __ (faster) & __ (slower)

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

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65
Q

the __ extends from the medulla oblongata and innervates the SA node

A

parasympathetic vagus never

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66
Q

the parasympathetic vagus nerve sends a default signal to __ the SA node automaticity to ___

A

slow; 60-90 BPM

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67
Q

what is a tachycardic heart rate?

A

> 100 BPM

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68
Q

what is a bradycardic heart rate?

A

<60 BPM

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69
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

add a brief delay between atrial and ventricular contractions

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70
Q

Where does the AV node conduct to?

A

bundle of His

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71
Q

Where is the bundle of His located?

A

inter-ventricular septum

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72
Q

What does the bundle of His do?

A

carries the signal to the base of the heart

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73
Q

purkinje fibers are located in the walls of the __

A

ventricles

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74
Q

__ receive conduction from the bundle of His

A

purkinje fibers

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75
Q

what is the name for the period of time right after the ventricles eject their blood?

A

systole

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76
Q

systole is the phase were blood pressure is __

A

the highest

77
Q

What is the period of time right after the atria contract to fill the ventricles?

A

diastole

78
Q

the myocardium is __ during diastole

A

relaxed

79
Q

diastole is the phase where blood pressure is the __

A

lowest

80
Q

atria are relaxed during the __ heart sound

A

“lub”

81
Q

__ are contracting during the “lub” heart sound

A

ventricles

82
Q

__ are contracting during the “dub” heart sound

A

atria

83
Q

ventricles are relaxed during the __ heart sound

A

“dub”

84
Q

When does sytole occur (sounds)?

A

between lub and dub

85
Q

When does diastole occur (sounds)?

A

after dub (before next lub)

86
Q

Which side of the heart is stronger

-left or right?

A

left

87
Q

Why is the left side of the heart stronger than the right side?

A

systemic circulation and greater vascular resistance

88
Q

__ are contact points between adjacent cardiomyocytes

A

intercalated discs

89
Q

__ ‘stitch’ cardiomyocytes together at intercalated disks

A

desmosome

90
Q

__ are protein tunnels that connect adjacent caridomyocytes

A

gap junctions

91
Q

gap junctions are involved with __ transport

A

molecule/ion

92
Q

__ allows the heart to function in unity

A

cardiac syncytium

93
Q

What is the wave that represents both atria depolarizing?

A

p wave

94
Q

what is the wave that depicts depolarization through the inter ventricular septum

A

q wave

95
Q

the q wave initiates ___

A

ventricular depolarization

96
Q

what is the wave that represents depolarization through both ventricles?

A

r wave

97
Q

what is the wave that represents completion of ventricular depolarization

A

s wave

98
Q

the __ shows the entirety of ventricular depolarization

A

qrs complex

99
Q

what is the wave that represents ventricular re-polarization?

A

t wave

100
Q

what are refractory cells?

A

cells that are too hyper-polarized for another action potential to occur

101
Q

What is heart rate (HR)?

A

is how fast or slow the heart beats

102
Q

__ is the volume of blood pumped fro the heart with each beat?

A

stroke volume (SV)

103
Q

true or false- the left and right ventricle pump equal amounts of blood

A

true

104
Q

what is end-systolic volume (ESV)?

A

the amount of blood in ventricles after contraction

105
Q

what is end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

the amount of blood in ventricles before contraction

106
Q

how do you calculate stroke volume (SV)?

A

subtract ESV from EDV

107
Q

what is cardiac output (CO)?

A

volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

108
Q

How do we calculate cardiac output?

A

CO= HR x SV

109
Q

what is total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

A

vascular resistance to blood flow

110
Q

how does vasoconstriction change TPR?

A

increases it

111
Q

how does vasodilation change TPR?

A

decreases it

112
Q

__ is the highest arterial pressure that occurs during systole

A

systolic blood pressure (SBP)

113
Q

__ is the lowest arterial pressure that occurs during diastole

A

diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

114
Q

__ is the average arterial pressure during one complete cardiac cycle

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

115
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP) is a better indicator of cardiovascular health than __

A

SBP or DBP

116
Q

equation for mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

MAP= CO x TPR

117
Q

__ is the technique where a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer are used to measure SBP and DBP

A

auscultation

118
Q

what do blood vessels do?

A

transport blood to and from the heart in a closed circulatory system

119
Q

how many layers are there in blood vessels

A

3

120
Q

what are the 3 blood vessel layers (arteries and veins)- from superficial to most deep

A

tunica extern; tunica media; tunica intima

121
Q

the tunica __ is the innermost vessel layer

A

intima

122
Q

the tunica intimate is made of __ cells

A

endothelial

123
Q

the tunica __ reduces friction to blood floow

A

intima

124
Q

the __ lies between the tunica intimate and tunica externa

A

tunica media

125
Q

the tunica media contains __ for vasoconstriction/vasodilation

A

smooth muscle

126
Q

the tunica externa is the __ vessel layer

A

outermost

127
Q

the tunica externa contains __ & __ proteins, as well as __ fibers

A

collagen; elastin; nerve

128
Q

what are the most elastic vessels

A

arteries and arterioles

129
Q

arteries and arterioles hold __ blood than other vessels

A

less

130
Q

which vessels have the greatest drop in blood pressure?

A

arterioles (resistance vessels)

131
Q

where does the elasticity of arteries and artioles come from?

A

thick smooth muscle in the tunica media; high amount of elastin in tunica externa

132
Q

What is the main role of arteries and arterioles

A

carry blood away from the heart

usually oxygenated blood to body tissues

133
Q

which arteries carry deoxygenated blood away rom the heart?

A

pulmonary and umbilical arteries

134
Q

vasoconstriction and vasodilation occurs in response to..?

A

hormone and thermoregulation

135
Q

__ are the smallest diameter vessel, which are found between arteries and veins

A

capillaries

136
Q

how thick are capillary walls?

A

one endothelial cell thick (tunica intima only)

137
Q

what are fenestra in capillaries?

A

pores for diffusion

138
Q

capillaries bring __ & __ to body tissues

A

nutrients; oxygen

139
Q

capillaries remove wastes like __ & __ from body tissues

A

CO2, urea

140
Q

why is plasma forces out of the arterial end of a capillary?

A

hydrostatic pressure is high

141
Q

why is plasma taken-up at the venous end of a capillary?

A

osmotic/colloid pressure is high

142
Q

__ connect capillaries to the veins

A

venules

143
Q

veins are __ than arteries, which allows them to hold more __

A

wide;blood

144
Q

do venues and veins contain smooth muscle?

A

yes, but not as much s arteries or arterioles

145
Q

why are veins sometimes referred to as capacitance vessels?

A

most of the body’s blood is found in veins

146
Q

BP is lowest in the __ (Vessels)

A

veins

147
Q

why do veins contain valves?

A

ensure blood is flowing toward the heart

148
Q

what pumps do veins use to make sure blood reaches the heart?

A

skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump

149
Q

in the __, working muscles squeeze veins to move blood forward

A

skeletal muscle pump

150
Q

in the __, pressure changes during breathing squeeze veins to move blood toward the heart

A

respiratory pump (abdominothoracic pump)

151
Q

what are portal systems?

A

capillary bed connected to another capillary bed by a portal vein

152
Q

describe the benefit of the hypophyseal portal system

A

hormones quickly travel directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

153
Q

the blood clotting cascade is a __ feedback mechanism

A

positive

154
Q

describe the blood clotting cascade in general terms

A

damaged tissue attracts platelets, which attract more platelets until a clot is achieved

155
Q

__ is an important element in the manufacture of many clotting factors, including prothrombin

A

vitamin K

156
Q

how are forms of vitamin K modified and produced?

A

symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine

157
Q

blood is found in animals with __ circulatory systems

A

closed

158
Q

what are the 3 general components of blood

A

plasma; small portion of leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets, and erythrocytes (RBCs)

159
Q

what are the components of plasma?

A

water; proteins; nutrients; hormones

160
Q

__ (thrombocytes) are cell fragments that do not contain a nucleus

A

platelets

161
Q

cells that do not contain a nucleus are __

A

anucleate

162
Q

megakaryocytic are large __ cells

A

bone marrow

163
Q

__ are a precursor to platelets, which are involved in the clotting cascade

A

megakaryocytes

164
Q

erythrocytes (RBCs) contain millions of __, which can hold dup to __ O2 each

A

hemoglobin; 4

165
Q

erythrocytes are __ (no nucleus)

A

anucleate

166
Q

erythrocytes contain __ on their surface

A

antigens

167
Q

what are antigens?

A

little sugars and proteins that mark out blood cells as a certain type

168
Q

what antigens are present on erythrocytes for each of the 4 blood groups?

A

Type A- A antigen
Type B- B antigen
Type AB- both A and B antigens
Type O- no A or B antigen

169
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

allow our immune system to find foreign antiboides

170
Q

what does the rhesus factor (Rh) do?

A

gives +/- blood types

+ if antigens are present
-if no Rh antigens

171
Q

if a donor is Rh +, they cannot donate to someone who..

A

is Rh-

172
Q

eight blood types

A

A+ and A-
B+ and B-
AB+ and AB-
O+ and O-

173
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

O-

no RBC surface antigens

174
Q

What blood type is the universal acceptor?

A

AB+

has all RBC surface antigens

175
Q

the __ is a highly vascularized organ in the uterus

A

placenta

176
Q

the placenta provides oxygen and nutrient to the fetus through the

A

umbilical cord

177
Q

the __ carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

A

umbilical vein

178
Q

the __ allows some oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to flow into the inferior vena cava

A

ductus venosus

179
Q

does the maternal and fetal blood mix across the placenta?

A

no, embryonic chorion protects against blood mixing

180
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh- mother gives birth to a Rh+ baby

blood mixing causes mother to develop antibodies against RH antigens (Rh+ blood)

If Rh- mother gets pregnant with another Rh+, anti-Rh antibodies cross the embryonic chorion and cause hemolysis in the Rh+ baby

baby is born as an anemic

181
Q

__ are leaky vessels that take-up fluid that was not re-absorbed by the capillary bed

A

lymphatic capillaries

182
Q

what is the fluid in the lymphatic system called?

A

lymph

183
Q

what does lymph contain?

A

interstitial fluid, bacteria, fats, and proteins

184
Q

what are the lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats in the villi of the small intestine?

A

lacteal

185
Q

__ are small finger like projections that increase the surface area in the small intestine

A

villi

186
Q

__ contain immune cells that inspect the lymph

A

lymph nodes

187
Q

lymphatic veins are not connected to the __

A

heart

188
Q

lymphatic veins connect to __ of the circulatory system, which then connect to the heart

A

veins

189
Q

does the lymphatic system have a central pump

A

no; it is a low pressure system and uses the skeletal muscle pump (like veins)

Biology DAT (4 decks)

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