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SFII: Histology > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Into what to portions can the respiratory system be divided?

A

Into conducting and respiratory portions.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the conducting portion?

A

To warm, moisten, and filter air, and transport it towards the respiratory portion.

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the conducting portion?

A

Extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary

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4
Q

Of which organs is the extrapulmonary part of the conducting portion comprised of?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.

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5
Q

Of which organs is the intrapulmonary part of the conducting portion comprised of?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.

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6
Q

What happens in the respiratory portion?

A

Gaseous exchange between the blood and air.

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7
Q

Of what is the respiratory portion composed of?

A

Alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. Alveolar sacs are groups of alveoli.

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8
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Mechanical ventilation
  • Defence
  • Olfaction
  • Phonation: larynx in mammals and syrinx in birds
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9
Q

What is the general histological structure of the respiratory system?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Smooth muscle
  • Submucosa
  • Cartilage
  • Adventitia
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10
Q

What kind of epithelium is found from the respiratory system?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated or simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium.

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11
Q

What is the general structure of nasal cavity as a whole?

A

Bone and cartilage covered by connective tissue and epithelium.

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12
Q

What are the parts of the nasal cavity as a whole?

A
  • Nasal vestibule
  • Nasal cavity
  • Olfactory region
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13
Q

What is the nasal vestibule?

A

The most external part of the nasal cavity (kirsu).

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14
Q

Explain the composition of the nasal vestibule.

A
  • Epithelium:
  • variable
  • transition to pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated epithelium
  • Lamina propria:
  • dense connective tissue
  • defense cells
  • serous glands
  • vessels.

-Hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

Explain the composition of the nasal cavity.

A
  • Respiratory epithelium:
  • basal cells
  • Goblet cells
  • columnated ciliated cells
  • Lamina propria:
  • seromucous glands
  • defense cells
  • vessels
  • Hyaline cartilage and bone
  • Turbinates (bone)
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16
Q

What is the composition of the olfactory region?

A
  • Specialized respiratory epithelium:
  • Olfactory cells: bipolar neurones.
  • Columnar cells with microvilli.
  • Basal cells
  • Lamina propria
  • serous glands
  • Vomeronasal organ:
  • pheromones
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17
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Empty cavities near the nasal cavity. They are lined with respiratory epithelium.

18
Q

What is the nasopharynx and where it is located?

A

It is the uppermost part of the throat and it is located caudally to the nasal cavity.

19
Q

Why is the nasopharynx called a mixed region?

A

Because it has a mix of two different kinds of epithelia. It is partially a caudal continuation of the nasal cavity and contains respiratory epithelium, and partially it is a continuation of the hard palate and contains non-keratinised stratified epithelium.

20
Q

What is larynx histologically?

A

Larynx (kurkunpää) is formed of cartilages covered by mucosa.

21
Q

What type of cartilage is there in the larynx?

A

Epiglottis and parts of arytenoids are elastic. Rest (cricoid, thyroid) are formed of hyaline cartilage.

22
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the larynx?

A

Epiglottis:non-keratinised stratified flat epithelium.
Rest: respiratory epithelium.

23
Q

What is found in the lamina propria of the larynx?

A

Mucous glands and defence cells.

24
Q

What are vocal cords histologically?

A

Folds of the tissue.

25
Q

What type of muscle is found in the larynx?

A

Smooth:
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles join larynx to hyoid.
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles control sound production and are found around thyroid and cricoid cartilage.

26
Q

What type of mucosa does the trachea have?

A

Mucosa with respiratory epithelium: columnar ciliated epithelia, goblet cells and basal cells.

27
Q

What is special about tracheal submucosa?

A

Submucosa and lamina propria are continuous (not separate layers) loose connective tissue with elastic fibres. It includes seromucous tracheal glands, diffuse lymphoid tissue or lymphoid follicles, nerve ganglia responsible for coughing reflex.

28
Q

Describe the tracheal cartilage:

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage “rings” and perichondrium.

The “rings” are linked by connective tissue.

29
Q

Describe the tracheal muscle:

A

Smooth muscle which joins dorsally each ring. Muscle is attached to the connective tissue of perichondrium either externally (in carnivores) or internally (in other mammals).

30
Q

What is the tunica adventitia of the trachea formed of?

A

Of dense connective tissue.

31
Q

To what portions can the lungs be divided to?

A

Conducting portion: bronchi and bronchioles

Respiratory portion: alveolar ducts and sacs and alveoli.

32
Q

What is found next to each airway?

A

A corresponding vessel.

33
Q

What are the types of bronchi from biggest to smallest?

A

Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, and tertiary/segmentary bronchi.

34
Q

What does happen to the cartilage, submucosa and muscle when the bronchial tree divides?

A

Cartilage and submucosal glands decrease progressively while smooth muscle increases progressively.

35
Q

What is the general histological structure of bronchi?

A

Mucosa:

  • Ciliated respiratory epithelia (because mucus needs to be moved)
  • lamina propria with elastic fibres

Submucosa:
-submucosal glands (amount decreases the more the airways divide, as no mucous is wanted down in the lungs).

Smooth muscle:
-concentric

Hyaline cartilage:
-composed of random cartilaginous plates around the airway

Tunica adventitia:
-loose connective tissue with elastic fibres.

36
Q

How can you distinguish a blood vessel from an airway?

A

Look if there are blood cells inside or random plates of hyaline cartilage around.

37
Q

How can you distinguish a bronchiole from bronchi?

A

In bronchioles, the epithelia are cuboidal to columnar, there are no goblet cells nor submucosal glands and the lamina propria and submucosa are scarce. There is no cartilage around but instead, muscle is abundant.

38
Q

Name the histological structures characteristical to alveolar ducts:

A

Cuboidal epithelium and smooth muscle in the alveolar openings.

39
Q

What are alveolar sacs and how are they divided?

A

Groups of alveoli divided with the intra-alveolar septa. The septa are composed of connective tissue and capillaries around the alveoli.

40
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Air space limited by alveolar epithelium, supportive tissue and capillaries which form a plexum around the alveoli. Alveoli are composed of pneumocytes type I (thin and responsible for gaseous exchange) and type II (cuboidal, secrete surfactant=”lubricant”).

SFII: Histology (3 decks)

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