Blood and haematopoiesis

Question 1

What is the concept of blood?

Answer 1

Blood consists of a cellular component resuspended in a fluid component called plasma.

Question 2

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 2

Transport of:

• gases (CO2, O2)
• nutrients and metabolic waste products
• WBC (defence)

Distribution of:

• hormones
• cells

Maintenance of:

• body volume
• temperature

Question 3

What are the concentrations of the blood main components?

Answer 3

55% Plasma and 45% formed elements

Question 4

What is plasma formed of?

Answer 4

91% water, 7% proteins and 2% other solutes.

Question 5

What are the proteins in plasma?

Answer 5

57% albumins, 38% globulins, 4% fibrinogen and 1% prothrombin.

Question 6

What are the other solutes in plasma?

Answer 6

Ions, nutrients, waste products, regulatory substances, and gases.

Question 7

What are the formed elements formed of?

Answer 7

Per ul of blood: 140 000 -340 000 platelets, 5 000 -9 000 leucocytes, and 4.2 - 6.2 million erythrocytes.

Question 8

List leucocytes from most abundant to less abundant:

Answer 8

Neutrophils> Lymphocytes> Monocytes> Eosinophils> Basophils

Question 9

What is the general appearance of mammalian erythrocytes?

Answer 9

Bi-concave and non-nucleated disc.

Question 10

What is the general appearance of reptilian and avian erythrocytes?

Answer 10

Elliptical and nucleated.

Question 11

What is anicytosis?

Answer 11

Variation in RBC size.

Question 12

What is poikilocytosis?

Answer 12

Abnormal shape.

Question 13

What are Howell-Jolly bodies?

Answer 13

Abnormal nuclear remnants in carnivore erytrocytes.

Question 14

What are reticulocytes?

Answer 14

Immature RBCs.

Question 15

What is polychromies?

Answer 15

Abnormal colour variation in RBCs.

Question 16

Into what groups are leucocytes divided into?

Answer 16

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes and mononuclear leucocytes.

Question 17

Which RBCs belong into the polomorphonuclear granulocytes?

Answer 17

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.

Question 18

Which RBCs belong into the mononuclear leucocytes?

Answer 18

Lymphocytes and monocytes.

Question 19

What kind of nucleus do neutrophils have?

Answer 19

Lobulated (up to 5 lobules) and large. The more lobulated, the more mature the cell.

Question 20

What kind of cytoplasm do neutrophils have?

Answer 20

Abundant with little purplish granules.

Question 21

What are heterophils?

Answer 21

Neutrophil equivalents in rabbits, cavies, hamsters, fish, avian, reptile, and amphibian species.

Question 22

What are the functions of neutrophils?

Answer 22

Acute inflammatory reaction, also main component of pus in abscesses.

Question 23

What is the appearance of eosinophils?

Answer 23

Lobulated nucleus and bright red or intense pink granules.

Question 24

What are the functions of eosinophils?

Answer 24

Immune response against allergies and parasites.

Question 25

What is the appearance of basophils?

Answer 25

Very dense concentration of purple granules.

Question 26

What are the functions of basophils?

Answer 26

IgE receptors: effector cells in allergic disorders.

Question 27

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 27

Second most common WBC in blood. Many different types. Round cells with round densely-stained nucleus and small amount of light purple non-granular cytoplasm.

Question 28

What is the function of lymphocytes?

Answer 28

Chronic immune response.

Question 29

What are monocytes?

Answer 29

The largest WBC with kidney shaped nucleus.

Question 30

What are the function of monocytes?

Answer 30

Phagocytosis, they are also antigen presenting cells.

Question 31

Whay are platelets?

Answer 31

Non-nucleated remnants of megakaryocytes responsible for coagulation.

Question 32

What is different in non-mammalian platelets?

Answer 32

They are nucleated thrombocytes.

Question 33

How do the platelets look like?

Answer 33

Very tiny purplish dots on comparison to RBCs.

Question 34

What is haematopoiesis?

Answer 34

Continual process of proliferation and progressive differentiation of blood cells from stem cells.

Question 35

What is the precursor of blood cells?

Answer 35

Multipotent stem cell.

Question 36

What are the two most important precursors of RBCs?

Answer 36

Proerythroblast and reticulocyte.

Question 37

What are the two most important precursors of lymphocytes?

Answer 37

Lymphoblast and lymphocyte.

Question 38

What are the two most important precursors of neutrophils?

Answer 38

Myeloblast and neutrophil stab cell.

Question 39

What are the two most important precursors of eosinophils?

Answer 39

Myeloblast and eosinophil stab cell.

Question 40

What are the two most important precursors of basophils?

Answer 40

Myeloblast and basophil stab cell.

Question 41

What are the two most important precursors of monocytes?

Answer 41

Monoblast and promonocyte.

Question 42

What are the two most important precursors of platelets?

Answer 42

Megakaryoblast and megakaryocyte.

Question 43

What happens during erytrhopoiesis?

Answer 43

The cells have progressive decrease in size, the lose the organelles and increase Hb. Their cytoplasm becomes more eosinophilic.

Question 44

What happens during granulopoiesis?

Answer 44

Myeloid stem cell differentiates into different granulocytes. Cells get specific granules in their cytoplasm and their nuclei segment progressively.

Question 45

What happens during monopoiesis?

Answer 45

Monoblasts become monocytes of blood. When monocytes get to tissues they become macrophages.

Question 46

What happens during thrombopoiesis?

Answer 46

Platelets are formed in in the bone marrow from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes.

Question 47

Where haematopoiesis happens?

Answer 47

In the red bone marrow in adult mammals.