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A&P II Exam 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of respiration

A

Gas exchange: O2, and CO2 exchanged between blood and air

Olfaction: sense of smell

Blood pressure of regulation: helps with synthesis of angiotensin II

Acid base balance influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2

Phonation: producing sound

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2
Q

What is considered upper respiratory tract

A

Nose

Nasal cavity

Paranasal sinuses

Pharynx

Larynx

THESE CAN CAUSE A SORE THROAT

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3
Q

What is considered lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli

THESE CAN ALL CAUSE PNEUMONIA

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4
Q

Functions of the nose

A

Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air

Detects odors

Resonating chamber that amplifies voice

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5
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Detects odors

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6
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

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7
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Receives auditory tubes

Contains pharyngeal tonsil pseudostratfied columnar epithelium

Posterior to nasal aperatures and above soft palate

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8
Q

Oropharynx

A

Space between soft palate and epiglottis

Contains palatine tonsils

Stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

Esophagus begins at this point

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10
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box

Cartilaginous chamber

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11
Q

Primary function of the larynx

A

Keep food and drink out of the airway

also helps in phonation (production of sound)

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12
Q

How many cartilages in the larynx

A

9

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13
Q

What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A

Epiglottic cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

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14
Q

Epiglottic cartilage

A

Spoon shaped supportive plate in epiglottis;

Most superior one

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15
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Largest,laryngeal prominence

Adam’sapple

Shield shaped

Testosterone stimulates growth,larger in males

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16
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Connects larynx to trachea, ring like

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17
Q

What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx

A

Arytenoid cartilages

Corniculate cartilages

Cuneiform cartilages

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18
Q

Arytenoid cartilages

A

Posterior to thyroid cartilage

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19
Q

Corniculate cartilages

A

Attached to arytenoid cartilages like a pair of little horns

Holds vocal cords

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20
Q

Cuneiform cartilages

A

Support soft tissue between arytenoid and epiglottis

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21
Q

Thyrohyoid ligament suspends larynx from

A

Hyoid

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22
Q

Cricotracheal ligament suspends trachea from

A

Larynx

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23
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of tissue that guards the superior opening of the larynx

During swallowing, extrinsic muscles of larynx pull larynx upward

Closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it

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24
Q

Inner lining of trachea is ______epithelium

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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25
Q

Mucocillary escalator

A

Mechanism for debris removal

26
Q

Air flow

A

Nasal cavity

Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli (ONLY SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE)

27
Q

What are the cells of the alveolus

A

Squamous (type 1) alveolar cells

Great (type 2) alveolar cels / septal cell

Alveolar macrophages(dust cells)

28
Q

Squamous (type ) alveolar cells

A

Thin, broad cells

Allow rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and blood stream

95% of alveolus surface area

29
Q

Great (type2) alveolar cells / septal cell

A

Cover the last 5% of alveolus surface area

Repair the alveolar epithelium when type 1 Cells are damaged

Secrete pulmonary surfactant (COATS THE ALVEOLI AND PREVENTS THEM FROM COLLAPSING DURING EXHALATION)

30
Q

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

A

Keep alveoli free from debris by phagoecytzing dust particles

31
Q

Diaphragm

A

Prime mover of respiration

Contraction flattens diaphragm enlarging thoracic cavity and pulling are into lungs

Relaxation allows diaphragm to bulge upward again, compressing the lungs and expelling air

32
Q

Internal and external intercostal muscles

A

Synergists to diaphragm

Located between ribs

Contribute to enlargement and contraction of thoracic cage

33
Q

Inspiration

A

Create negative pressure in lungs

THIS IS AN ACTIVE PROCESS

Rib cage is elevated

Diaphragm lowers

Thoracic pressure decreases to less than atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs

34
Q

Expiration

A

Create positive pressure in lungs

THIS IS A PASSIVE PROCESS

Rib cage lowered

Diaphragm rises/ relaxes

Thoracic pressure increases to more than atmospheric pressure

Forces air out the lung

35
Q

External Respiration

A

Exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and the external environment

Gas exchange between circulating blood and alveoli

Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to capillaries

Carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries to the alveoli

36
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and cells

or between blood and interstitial fluid

Or capillaries and interstitial fluid

Oxygen diffuses from capillaries to the interstitial fluid

and from the interstitial fluid to the cell

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cell to the interstitial fluid

and from the interstitial fluid to the capillaries

THIS HAPPENS IN OUR BODY

37
Q

What are the steps of external respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation

Gas diffusion

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

38
Q

External respiration process

A

Oxygen bounds to hemoglobin and is transported from the lungs to the cells

Carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions from the cell to the lung

Reactions are completely reversible

39
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Physical movement of air into and out of the lungs

40
Q

Movement of air

A

Relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure determines direction of air flow

41
Q

Boyles law

A

Pressure and volume has inverse relationship

Volume depends on movement of diaphragm and ribs

42
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Deep quick breathing from exercise or pain

43
Q

Hypercapnea

A

Releasing a lot of CO2

Increase in partial pressure of CO2

44
Q

External respiration site

A

Alveoli and capillary

45
Q

Gas exchange site

A

Alveoli

46
Q

Internal respiration site

A

Capillary and tissue space

47
Q

Oxygen is bounded with ____

A

Hemoglobin

Transported in one form

48
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported in

A

Plasma

Carbonic acid

Carbaminohemoglobin

49
Q

When diaphragm is contracting

A

Inspiration

50
Q

When diaphragm is relaxed

A

Expiration

51
Q

When diaphragm is contracting what happens to pressure in chest cavity

A

Decreases

52
Q

Number of partial pressure of O2 in artery

A

100

53
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in artery

A

40

54
Q

Partial pressure of O2 in alveoli

A

100

55
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli

A

40

56
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in tissue spaces

A

45

57
Q

Partial pressure of O in tissue spaces

A

40

58
Q

Vocal cords

A

Produce sound when air passes between them

Contain vocal ligaments

59
Q

Vestibular folds

A

Close larynx during swallowing

60
Q

Glottis

A

Vocal cords and the opening between them

A&P II Exam 2 (2 decks)

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