Respiratory System Flashcards
Functions of respiration
Gas exchange: O2, and CO2 exchanged between blood and air
Olfaction: sense of smell
Blood pressure of regulation: helps with synthesis of angiotensin II
Acid base balance influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2
Phonation: producing sound
What is considered upper respiratory tract
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
THESE CAN CAUSE A SORE THROAT
What is considered lower respiratory tract
Trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
THESE CAN ALL CAUSE PNEUMONIA
Functions of the nose
Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air
Detects odors
Resonating chamber that amplifies voice
Olfactory epithelium
Detects odors
What are the three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
Receives auditory tubes
Contains pharyngeal tonsil pseudostratfied columnar epithelium
Posterior to nasal aperatures and above soft palate
Oropharynx
Space between soft palate and epiglottis
Contains palatine tonsils
Stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
Esophagus begins at this point
Larynx
Voice box
Cartilaginous chamber
Primary function of the larynx
Keep food and drink out of the airway
also helps in phonation (production of sound)
How many cartilages in the larynx
9
What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx
Epiglottic cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottic cartilage
Spoon shaped supportive plate in epiglottis;
Most superior one
Thyroid cartilage
Largest,laryngeal prominence
Adam’sapple
Shield shaped
Testosterone stimulates growth,larger in males
Cricoid cartilage
Connects larynx to trachea, ring like
What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx
Arytenoid cartilages
Corniculate cartilages
Cuneiform cartilages
Arytenoid cartilages
Posterior to thyroid cartilage
Corniculate cartilages
Attached to arytenoid cartilages like a pair of little horns
Holds vocal cords
Cuneiform cartilages
Support soft tissue between arytenoid and epiglottis
Thyrohyoid ligament suspends larynx from
Hyoid
Cricotracheal ligament suspends trachea from
Larynx
Epiglottis
Flap of tissue that guards the superior opening of the larynx
During swallowing, extrinsic muscles of larynx pull larynx upward
Closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it
Inner lining of trachea is ______epithelium
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Mucocillary escalator
Mechanism for debris removal
Air flow
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (ONLY SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE)
What are the cells of the alveolus
Squamous (type 1) alveolar cells
Great (type 2) alveolar cels / septal cell
Alveolar macrophages(dust cells)
Squamous (type ) alveolar cells
Thin, broad cells
Allow rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and blood stream
95% of alveolus surface area
Great (type2) alveolar cells / septal cell
Cover the last 5% of alveolus surface area
Repair the alveolar epithelium when type 1 Cells are damaged
Secrete pulmonary surfactant (COATS THE ALVEOLI AND PREVENTS THEM FROM COLLAPSING DURING EXHALATION)
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Keep alveoli free from debris by phagoecytzing dust particles
Diaphragm
Prime mover of respiration
Contraction flattens diaphragm enlarging thoracic cavity and pulling are into lungs
Relaxation allows diaphragm to bulge upward again, compressing the lungs and expelling air
Internal and external intercostal muscles
Synergists to diaphragm
Located between ribs
Contribute to enlargement and contraction of thoracic cage
Inspiration
Create negative pressure in lungs
THIS IS AN ACTIVE PROCESS
Rib cage is elevated
Diaphragm lowers
Thoracic pressure decreases to less than atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs
Expiration
Create positive pressure in lungs
THIS IS A PASSIVE PROCESS
Rib cage lowered
Diaphragm rises/ relaxes
Thoracic pressure increases to more than atmospheric pressure
Forces air out the lung
External Respiration
Exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and the external environment
Gas exchange between circulating blood and alveoli
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to capillaries
Carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries to the alveoli
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and cells
or between blood and interstitial fluid
Or capillaries and interstitial fluid
Oxygen diffuses from capillaries to the interstitial fluid
and from the interstitial fluid to the cell
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cell to the interstitial fluid
and from the interstitial fluid to the capillaries
THIS HAPPENS IN OUR BODY
What are the steps of external respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
Gas diffusion
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
External respiration process
Oxygen bounds to hemoglobin and is transported from the lungs to the cells
Carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions from the cell to the lung
Reactions are completely reversible
Pulmonary ventilation
Physical movement of air into and out of the lungs
Movement of air
Relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure determines direction of air flow
Boyles law
Pressure and volume has inverse relationship
Volume depends on movement of diaphragm and ribs
Hyperpnea
Deep quick breathing from exercise or pain
Hypercapnea
Releasing a lot of CO2
Increase in partial pressure of CO2
External respiration site
Alveoli and capillary
Gas exchange site
Alveoli
Internal respiration site
Capillary and tissue space
Oxygen is bounded with ____
Hemoglobin
Transported in one form
Carbon dioxide is transported in
Plasma
Carbonic acid
Carbaminohemoglobin
When diaphragm is contracting
Inspiration
When diaphragm is relaxed
Expiration
When diaphragm is contracting what happens to pressure in chest cavity
Decreases
Number of partial pressure of O2 in artery
100
Partial pressure of CO2 in artery
40
Partial pressure of O2 in alveoli
100
Partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli
40
Partial pressure of CO2 in tissue spaces
45
Partial pressure of O in tissue spaces
40
Vocal cords
Produce sound when air passes between them
Contain vocal ligaments
Vestibular folds
Close larynx during swallowing
Glottis
Vocal cords and the opening between them
