Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II Exam 2 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Define immune system

A

Defends the body from agents of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A

Network of organs and vein like vessels that recover fluid

Inspect it for disease agents

Activate immune response

PROTECT BODY FROM INFECTION AND DISEASE

Return fluid to the bloodstream (MAINTAINS FLUID BALANCE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is considered to be a pathogen

A

Microorganisms

Bacteria, virus, fungus, parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lymph

A

Recovered colorless fluid
Clear
Similar to plasma but with less plasma

Originates as extra cellular fluid drawn into lymphatic capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lymphatic tissues

A

Composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lymphatic organs

A

Defense cells are especially concentrated in these organs

Separated from surrounding organs by connective tissue capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

(Terminal lymphatics)

Penetrate nearly every tissue of the body

Absent from central nervous system, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow

Endothelium creates valve-like flaps that open when interstitial fluid pressure is high and close and when it is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lymphatic vessels have a ______ appearance

A

Beaded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fluid recovery

A

Fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces

Blood capillaries reabsorb 85%

15% enter the lymphatic system and then are returned to the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Immunity

A

Excess filtered fluid picks up foreign cells and chemicals from the tissues

Passes through lymph nodes where immune cells stand guard against foreign matter

Activates a protective immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lipid absorption

A

Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Flow of lymph

A

Lymph flows similar to venous return, except no pump (heart)

Lymph flows at low pressure and slower speed than venous blood

Moved along by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessel
Stretching of vessels stimulates contraction

Flow aided by skeletal muscle pump

Arterial pulsation rhythmically squeezes lymphatic vessels

Thoracic pump aids flow from abdominal to thoracic cavity

Valves prevent backward flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs

A

Red bone marrow and thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the site where T and B cells become immunocompetent

A

Primary lymphatic organs
Red bone marrow
Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Red bone marrow produces

A

RBCs, WBCs, Plateletsd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thymus produces

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the types of white blood cells

A

Neutrophils, macrophage, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the types of lymphoctes

A 
B lymphocyte
T lymphocytes (MADE IN THE THYMUS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs

A

Lymph nodes

Tonsils

Spleen

Parts of the appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What tissues do immunocompetent cells populate ?

A

Lymph nodes

Tonsils

Spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Red bone marrow is involved in ___ and ___

A

Hemopoiesis (blood formation)

And

Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the functions of thymus

A

Houses developing T lymphocytes

Secretes hormones regulating their activity

Found in between sternum and aortic arch

Degeneration with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lobes have cortex and medulla populated by

A

T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are lymph nodes found

A

Cervical

Axiliary

Thoracic

Abdominal

Intestinal

Mesenteric

Inguinal

Popliteal lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the functions of lymph nodes

A

Cleanse the lymph

Act as a side of T and B cell activation

PATHOGEN RECEPTORS GET SIGNALS FOR ACTIVATION

WHEN MAKING WBC IN RBM THEY HAVE TO GO THROUGH TESTS BECAUSE IT CANT ALLOW IMMATURE CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Parenchyma divided into

A

Cortex and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Germinal centers is where

A

B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels lead into

A

The node along its convex surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lymph leaves the node through 1-3

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels that leave the hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

T lymphocytes

A

T cells

mature in thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

B lymphocytes

A

B cells

activation causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

NK Cells

large lymphocytes that attack and destroy •bacteria
•transplanted tissue
•host cells infected with viruses or have turned cancerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Dendritic cells

A

branched, mobile APCs found in epidermis, mucous membrances and lymphatic organs

alert immune system to pathogens that have breaches the body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

lymphatic (lymphoid) tissue

A

collection of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucous membrances and verious organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

lymphatic nodules (follicles)

A

dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that come together in response to pathogens

  • lymph nodes
  • nodes
  • tonsils
  • appendix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Peyer patches

A

dense clusters in the ileum (the distal part of the small intestine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

neutrophils

A

kill bacteria in the connective tissue

can kill using phagocytosis and digestion

can kill by making a cloud of bactericidal chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

lysosomes degranulate

A

discharge enzymes into tissue fluid causing a respiratory burst

creates a killing zone around neutrophil destroying several bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

macrophages

A

large, phagocytic cells

come from monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

macrophaes phagocytize _

A

tissue debris

dead neutrophils

bacteria

other foreign matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what do macrophages do to foreign matter

A

once its processed, it displays antigenic fragments to certain T cells alerting immune system to the presence of the enemy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

macrophages are considered to be _

A

one of the antigen presenting cells (APC’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

Swollen, painful node responding to foreign antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Collective term for all lymph node diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Metastasis

A

Cancerous cells break free from original tumor, travel to other sites in the body, and establish new tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the process of metastasis

A

Metastasizing cells enter lymphatic vessels

Multiply there and destroy the lymph nodes

Swollen, firm, and usually painless
(LIKE TUBERCULOSIS, IT BECOMES RUBBERY)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Tonsils

A

Patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the 3 types of tonsils

A

Palatine tonsils

Lingual tonsils

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the 2 tonsil related surgery

A

Tonsillitis (CAN TAKE IT OUT IF IT GETS INFECTED 3X A YEAR FOR 2 CONSECUTIVE YEARS)

Tonsillectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Spleen

A

The body’s largest lymphatic organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the two types of Parenchyma

A

Red pulp

White pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Red pulp

A

Sinuses filled with erythrocytes (RBC)

53
Q

White pulp

A

Lymphocytes

Macrophages (WBC, B LYMPH, T LYMPH)

Both surround small branches of splendid artery

54
Q

Functions of the spleen

A

It’s RBC graveyard for old RBCs

White pulp monitors blood for foreign antigens and keeps an army of monocytes for release when needed

55
Q

True or false:

Spleen is highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection

A

True

56
Q

Ruptured spleen requires

A

Splenectomy

THIS LEAVES PERSON SUSCEPTIBLE TO FUTURE INFECTIONS, AND PREMATURE DEATH

57
Q

pathogens

A

Agents capable of producing disease

VIRUSES
BACTERIA
FUNGI

58
Q

What are the three lines of defenses against pathogens

A

First line of defense

Second line of defense

Third line of defense

59
Q

First line of defense/ External defenses

A

Skin
mucous membranes
Secretions

WORK ON OUTSIDE OF THE CELLS

60
Q

Second line of defense/ Internal defenses

A

Several nonspecific defense mechanisms

Phagocytosis cells: Leukocytes, and macrophages

antimicrobial proteins: compliment, and interferon

natural killer cells: cancer cells

inflammatory response: 4 signs; calor, dolor, rubor, tumor

61
Q

Third line of defense

A

The immune system

Defeats a pathogen, and leaves the body with a memory of it so it can defeat it faster in the future

Humoral response (antibodies): we have antibodies floating in our bloodstream  in plasma 
B LYMPHOCYTES PRODUCE ANTIBODIES

Cell mediated response (cytotoxic lymphocytes)

62
Q

Innate immunity/Nonspecific

A

Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes

Microbes= bacteria, virus, fungus

FIRST AND SECOND LINE DEFENSE

It cant remember which bacteria, fungus, or virus it fought

63
Q

Acquired immunity/ adaptive/ specific

A

Third line defense

It can remember; we need to experience infection to develop antibodies

64
Q

Nonspecific defenses

A

Guard against a broad range of pathogens

Quick response
• they lack capacity to remember pathogens

65
Q

What are the 3 types of nonspecific defenses

A

Protective proteins

Protective cells

Protective processes

66
Q

Specific/adaptive immunity

A

Body must develop separate immunity to each specific pathogen

Prevent pathogen from affecting or harming us more easily upon future exposure

67
Q

External barriers

A

Skin

Mucous membranes

68
Q

Skin

A

Mechanical barrier for microorganisms to enter the body

Toughness of keratin

Acidic ph: thin film of lactic and fatty acids from sweat and sebum(OILY SECRETION) that inhibits bacterial growth

69
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts are open to the exterior and protected by mucous membranes

Mucus physically traps microbes

70
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme destroys bacterial cell walls

71
Q

Phagocytes

A

Cels that engulf foreign matter

72
Q

Phagocytes cells are

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

73
Q

Neutrophils

A

Killing bacteria by using phagocytosis and digestion

Can kill by producing bactericides chemicals

74
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytes cells

Monocytes emigrate from the blood into tissues and transform into macrophages

75
Q

Where are alveolar macrophages

A

In lungs

76
Q

Where are kupffer cell

A

In liver

77
Q

Langerhans cells

A

In skin

78
Q

Where are microglia

A

In central nervous system

79
Q

Antimicrobial proteins

A

Proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short term, non specific resistance to pathogenic bacteria and viruses

80
Q

What are the two families of antimicrobial proteins

A

Interferons

Complement system

81
Q

Interferons

A

Secretes by certain cels infected by viruses

Alert neighboring cells and protect them from being infected

82
Q

Complement system

A

30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and adaptive immunity

Synthesized by liver

Circulate in the blood in inactive form

Activated by presence of a pathogen

83
Q

4 methods of pathogen destruction

A

Inflammation

Immune clearance

Phagocytosis

Cytolysis

84
Q

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Heat: results from hyperemia

Redness: due to hyperemia and extravasated RBC in the tissue

Swelling (edema): due to increased fluid filtration from the capillaries

Pain: from direct injury to the nerves, pressure on the nerves from edema, stimulation of pain receptors by prostaglandins, bacterial toxins, and bradykinin

85
Q

Pathogens

A

NONSPECIFIC RESISTANCE

Agents capable of producing disease

Include viruses, bacteria, and fungi

86
Q

Nonspecific defenses

A

Guard against a broad range of pathogens

Quick response
(Protective proteins,protective cells,protective processes )

DONT REMEMBER PATHOGENS

87
Q

Specific or adaptive immunity

A

Body must develop separate immunity to each specific pathogen

Prevent the pathogen from affecting or harming us more easily upon future exposure

88
Q

Immune system

A

Widely distributed cells that recognize foreign substances and act to neutralize or destroy them

89
Q

Specificity

A

Immunity directed against a particular pathogen

90
Q

Memory

A

When re-exposed to the same pathogen the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness

91
Q

True or false:

The adaptive immune system is antigen specific, systemic and has memory

A

True

92
Q

What are the two overlapping arms of Adaptive immunity

A

Humoral immunity
(antibody mediated) (B cell)

Cellular immunity (cell mediated)

93
Q

Cellular immunity

A

Lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells

Rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells, where they are inaccessible to antibodies

Kills cells that harbor them

94
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Mediated by antibodies that do no directly destroy a pathogen but tag it for destruction

Antibodies are dissolved in body fluids

Can only work against the extra cellular stages of infections by microorganisms

95
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Oversee humoral immunity

96
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Non antibody producing cells that constitute the cell mediated arm of immunity

97
Q

What are the major antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells

Macrophages

Activated B cells

98
Q

Functions of antigen presenting cells

A

Engulf foreign particles

Present fragments of antigens on their own surfaces to be recognized by T cells

They do not response to specific antigens

99
Q

Macrophages and dendritic cells secrete soluble proteins that activate

A

T cells

100
Q

Primary immune response

A

3-6 days

Peak levels of plasma antibody are achieved in 10 days

Antibody levels then decline

101
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Antibody levels peak in 2-3 days

Sensitized memory cells respond within hours

102
Q

Define immunoglobulin

A

A defensive gamma globulin found in blood plasma, tissue fluids, body secretions

103
Q

True or false:

Immunoglobulins are soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells and plasma cells in response to an antigen

A

True

104
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies

A

IgD

IgM

IgG

IgA

IgE

105
Q

IgM

A

Pentamer

Primary response

Can fight against many pathogens at the same time

106
Q

IgG

A

Monomer

Most abundant

Primary and secondary response

Crosses the placenta

2ND EXPOSURE

107
Q

IgA

A

Dimer

Prevent attachment of pathogens

Involved in secretions such as tears and breast milk

108
Q

IgE

A

Monomer

Binds to mast cells and basophils

Histamine release

Attracts eosinophils to parasitic infections

Produces immediate hypersensitivity reactions

109
Q

What are the 3 types of T cells mediate cellular immunity

A
  • helper T cells (CD4 CELLS/ T4 CELLS)
  • cytotoxic T cells (TC/ CD8 CELLS/ T8 CELLS)
  • Memory T cells
110
Q

Cell mediated immune response helps when

A

Antibodies cant help against intracellular antigens

111
Q

What is the importance of cellular response

A

T cells recognize and respond only to processed fragments of antigen displayed on the surface of body cells

112
Q

T cells are best suited for cell to cell interactions and target

A

Cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or intracellular parasites

Abnormal or cancerous cells

Cells of infused or transplanted foreign tissue

113
Q

T cells must simultaneously recognize

A

Non self (the antigen)

Self (a MHC protein of a body cell)

114
Q

Class I MHC proteins

A

Recognized by CD8 T cells

Present in almost all nucleated cells

115
Q

Class II MHC proteins

A

Found only on mature B cells, some T cells, and antigen presenting cells

Recognition by CD4 cells

OUR OWN BODY CELLS

116
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells

117
Q

What are the cytotoxic T cells targets

A

Virus infected cells

Cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites

Cancer cells

Foreign cell from blood transfusions or transplants

118
Q

Helper T cells

A

Adaptive immune response

Chemically or directly stimulate proliferation of other T cells

Stimulate B cells that have already become bound to antigen

119
Q

Helper T cells play central role in

A

Coordinating cellular and humoral immunity

120
Q

What is the role of helper T cells in attack

A

Secretes interleukins

Attract neutrophils and NK cells

Attract macrophages, stimulate their phagocytic activity and stop them from leaving the area

Stimulate T and B cell mitosis and maturation

121
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic cells in attack

A

Deliver chemicals

Performing and granzymes (THESE KILL CELLS LIKE NK CELLSDO)

Interferons (INHIBIT VIRAL REPLICATION, AND ACTIVATE MACROPHAGES)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (AIDS IN MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION AND KILLS CANCER CELLS)

After this, TC cells go to look for another enemy

122
Q

True or false:

Cytotoxic T cells are the only T cells that directly attack other cells

A

True

123
Q

What does a TC cell do when it recognizes a complex of antigen and MHC I protein on a diseased or foreign cell

A

It binds/ docks

124
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Result of infection or natural exposure to antigen

125
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease

126
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Fetus acquires antibodies from mother through placenta, or milk

127
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Injection of immune serum (antibodies) from another person or animal

128
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

An excessive immune reaction against antigens that most people tolerate

A&P II Exam 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions