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BIO 241: Anatomy & Physiology II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the number one function of respiration?

A

Gas Exchange

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2
Q

What are the other functions of respiration besides gas exchange?

A
  1. Receptors for smell
  2. Filter, warm, and moisten incoming air
  3. Some structures can Produce sounds (phonation)
  4. Eliminate some wastes other than CO2
    (water vapor, alcohol, ketones)
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3
Q

What is respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and body cells

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4
Q

What are the three basic processes of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation: moving air in/out
  2. External Respiration: Gas exchange between air and blood
    - Bring air into lungs and exchanges gas w/ blood
  3. Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and cells of body
    - The blood circulates through body and exchanges gas w/ cells
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5
Q

Why is oxygen necesssary during respiration?

A

Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during the generation of ATP

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6
Q

The respiratory system can be divided into what two parts?

A

Upper Respiratory Tract: Anything above the larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract: Anything below the larynx

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7
Q

The respiratory system can be divided into what two functions?

A

Conducting: Airways

Respiratory: Where gas exchange takes place (respiratory bronchioles and alveoli)

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8
Q

What makes up the nose anatomy?

A
  1. External Nose
  2. Internal Nose
  3. Nasal Cavity
  4. Paranasal air sinuses
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9
Q

What is the external nose?

A

The actual nose composed of cartilage, muscles, skin

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10
Q

What makes up the nasal cavity?

A
  1. External nose+Internal Nose
  2. Covered in mucosa
  3. Nasal Conchae
    -Also called turbinate bones,
    -As you inhald the air gets swirled around turbinate
    bones
    -Air contacts more surface area to filter w/ mucus and
    warm the air
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11
Q

What does the nose do? (physiology)

A
  1. Filter, warm, moisten air
  2. Olfaction
    -olfactory receptors transmit signals through the
    cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
  3. Resonating chamber
    -Sounds resonates within chamber of nose
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12
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

muscular tube made up of constrictor muscles and located posterior to the internal naris and superior to esophagus and larynx

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13
Q

What are the divisions of the pahrynx?

A

Pharynx has 3 different divisions posterior to internal nose (behind internal naris)

  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx: behind the mouth
  3. Laryngopharynx: behind the larynx
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14
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

cartilage that covers the glottis (hole that air passes through to trachea) to divide air/food from larynx/esophagus
-When you swallow the epiglottis stays in place but the larynx moves up to close the glottis off

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15
Q

What is the larynx?

A

the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords

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16
Q

What is the larynx made of?

A

9 types of cartilage

  • the thyroid cartilage is the largest
  • the cricoid cartilage is a full ring of cartilage that sits below the thyroid cartilage
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17
Q

What is contained within the glottis?

A

Looking down the glottis you can see the:

  • Vestibular folds: false vocal cords
  • Vocal folds: true vocal cords
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18
Q

How does voice production occur?

A

as the vocal cords Abduct (relax) they spread and you make a lower sound as the adduct (contract) they come together and produce higher pitch sound

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19
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

Base of larynx to where trachea splits into primary/secondary bronchi

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20
Q

What are the layers of the trachea?

A

Lumen -> Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium -> Submucosa -> C-shaped Hyaline Cartilage -> Adventitia (connective tissue)

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21
Q

What is significant about the Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium of the trachea?

A

Contains goblet cells that secrete mucin which when mixed with water form mucus

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22
Q

What is the Mucociliary escalatator?

A

The cilia of the trache beat upwards in unison. The mucus in the trachea that traps particles is brought upwars and expelled

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23
Q

What is contained within the submucosa of the trachea?

A

contains mucus glands

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24
Q

What is significant about the cartilage in the trachea?

A

Keep trachea open and prevent collapse due to pressure changes

C-Shaped
-the posterior side of the cartilage is open to allow for stretch of esophagus

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25
Q

What is the adventitia of the trachea?

A

connective tissue which anchors the trachea in place

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26
Q

What is Laryngospasm?

A

If anything other than air touches the tracheal epithelium there is an automatic coughing reflex called Laryngospasm

  • Muscles surrounding glottis contract to restrict particles from entering
  • Trouble speaking
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27
Q

The trachea ends at the bronchial tree. Walk through the bronchial tree, from beginning to end.

A

Primary Bronchi -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Terminal Bronchioles -> Respiratory Broncioles -> Alveolar Ducts and Sacs -> Alveoli

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of the Primary Bronchi?

A

Right and left bronchi are right before you enter the lungs

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of the Secondary Bronchi?

A

Called lobar b/c they enter the lobes of the lung

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30
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung and the left lung?

A

Right - 3

Left - 2

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of the Tertiary Bronchi?

A

Secondary bronchi break up further into more segments

  • 10 segments in the right lung
  • 8 segments in the left lung
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32
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the bronchial tree? What kind of respiration is occuring?

A

Gas exchange begins in the Respiratory Bronchioles and mainly occurs in the alveoli

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of the alveoli?

A

Very thin and HUGE surface area for external respiration

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34
Q

What anatomical changes occur to the cartilage in the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea – C-shaped cartilage
Primary Bronchi - full rings of cartilage
Secondary/Tertiary Bronchi – irregular plates of cartilage
Bronchioles – cartilage gone

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35
Q

What anatomical changes occur to the Smooth Muscle in the bronchial tree?

A

Smooth Muscle increases as cartilage decreases down the bronchial tree

Allows for bronchodilation vs. bronchoconstriction
-eg. bronchoconstriction to restrict smoke inhalation

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36
Q

What anatomical changes occur to the Epithelium in the bronchial tree?

A

ciliated pseudostratified + goblet cells (trachea)
ciliated simple columnar + goblet cells
ciliated simple cuboidal + goblet cells
ciliated simple cuboidal
simple cuboidal
simple squamous (alveoli)

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37
Q

What is the Pleurae?

A

Membrane that covers each lung

-consists of the Visceral, Parietal and Pleural cavity

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38
Q

What is the pleural cavity and what is the function?

A

space in between parietal and visceral pleura

  • filled with pleural fluid that:
    1) reduces friction
    2) creates pressure gradient
    3) compartmentalizes
39
Q

What is the hilus of the lungs?

A

indentation on inside of lungs where primary bronchus enters

40
Q

What are lobules?

A

collections of alveolar sacs

41
Q

What are the types of cells that make up the alveolar cell wall? What is their function?

A
  1. simple squamous epithelial cell (type I)
    - gas exchange
  2. macrophage (dust cell)
    - pathogen screening
    - also called dust cells
  3. septal cell (produces surfactant)
    - surfactant producer
    - also called type II pneumocyte
42
Q

What is the alveolar-capillary membrane?

A

The respiratory membrane

  • Alveolus + Capillary share basement membrane
  • CO2 from deoxygenated Blood enters alveolus and O2 enters capillary
43
Q

What are the components of the respiratory membrane?

A
  • Surfactant (↓ surface tension)
  • Type I alveolar epithelial cell
  • fused basement membrane
  • capillary endothelial cell
44
Q

How much surface area is contained within each lung?

A

~70m^2 w/ ~100mL of blood

45
Q

What supplies blood to the lung?

A

Pulmonary artery – brings deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

Bronchial artery – brings oxygenated blood from left ventricle to bronchial tree
-Deoxygenated blood from bronchial tree drains via pulmonary veins

Pulmonary vein – takes blood back to left atrium.

46
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

delivering oxygen to cells, getting rid of carbon dioxide

47
Q

Why do we need to get rid of Carbon dioxide?

A

Need to get rid of CO2 because it affects pH of body

  • pH important for maintaining membrane potential
  • Also important for maintaining protein functionality
  • Proteins function at specific pH
  • Amino acids that form proteins change at different pH’s
48
Q

What three processes are necessary to accomplish respiration?

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. Internal respiration
49
Q

What is inspiration/expiration?

A

Inspiration is inhalation and expiration is exhalation

50
Q

How is pressure related to pulmonic ventilation?

A

A pressure gradient occurs because atmospheric pressure is greater/lesser than intrapulmonic (inside lungs) pressure
-air will flow from high to low pressure

51
Q

Is inspiration and active or passive process?

A

Active Process

  • Before Inspiration Intrapulmonic pressure = atmospheric pressure (~760 mmHg)
  • During inspiration, thoracic cavity expands, increasing volume and lowering pressure (~758 mmHg)
  • Air flows in
52
Q

What law illustrates the process of inspiration?

A

Boyles Law

P1V1 = P2V2

53
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Collapsed Lung

-If you have a puncture wound that pierces parietal pleura the thoracic cavity will expand but the lungs will not

54
Q

What muscles are used to expand the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles during relaxed breathing

Labored breathing uses scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles as well

55
Q

Which nerves innervate the muscles that control inspiration?

A 
Phrenic nerves (C3-5)
Thoracic nerves (T1 – T11)
56
Q

Describe the process of inspiration.

A

1) Increase thoracic volume
2) Increase pleural volume
3) Decrease intrapleural pressure
4) Increase lung volume
5) Decrease intrapulmonic pressure
6) Air flow into the lungs

57
Q

Is expiration an active or passive process?

A

At rest expiration is a passive process lungs have elastin fibers in connective tissue
- Elastic recoil the fibers relax and come back to normal
stretch
- Stop contracting diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles (PASSIVE process at rest)
- Decreasing volume increases pressure and air moves
out

58
Q

Describe the process of expiration.

A

1) Decrease thoracic volume
2) Decrease pleural volume
3) Increase intrapleural pressure
4) Decrease lung volume
5) Increase intrapulmonic pressure
6) Air flow out of the lungs

59
Q

What occurs during forced expiration?

A

Using internal intercostal muscles to exhale

  • When they contract they pull the ribs down and in
  • Reducing volume of thoracic cavity forcing air out

Contracting abdominal muscles forces diaphragm up
and reduces thoracic cavity volume

60
Q

What abdominal muscles are used during forced expiration?

A

rectus abdominis
abdominal obliques
transversus abdominis

61
Q

What is compliance?

A

the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded during inspiration.

62
Q

What factors affect compliance?

A

Elasticity + extensibility
- stretch + recoil

surface tension
-surfactant reduces surface tension (easier to expand)

63
Q

What conditions will decrease compliance?

A

Any condition that:

destroys lung tissue (emphysema)increases surface tension

fills lungs with fluid (pneumonia)

produces surfactant deficiency (premature birth, near-drowning)

interferes with lung expansion (pneumothorax)

64
Q

What are the types of volumes related to inspiration/expiration?

A

Tidal volume
-Air moving in/out at rest

Inspiratory Reserve Volume
-Extra air you can breathe in if your force it

Expiratory Reserve Volume
-Extra air you can breathe out if you force it

Residual Volume
-Leftover air you can’t breathe out

65
Q

What is anatomical dead space and physiological dead space?

A

Anatomical Dead Space
-air present in the conduting airways that doesn’t participate in gas exchange

Physiological Dead Space
-Air present in repiratory spaces but not conducting gas exchange

66
Q

How many mL’s of air is in each of tjhe types of volumes? What is the total?

A

Tidal Volume (TV) = 500 mL

  • ADS = 150 mL
  • Alveoli = 350 mL

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = 3000 mL

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = 1200 mL

Residual Volume = 1300 mL

67
Q

How do you find total lung capacity?

A

(TV+IRV+ERV+RV)

68
Q

How do you find vital capacity ?

A

(TV+IRV+ERV)

69
Q

How do you find inspiratory capacity?

A

(TV+IRV)

70
Q

How do you find functional residual capacity?

A

(RV+ERV)

71
Q

How do you find maximum voluntary ventilation?

A

maximum voluntary ventilation = TV x breaths/minute

72
Q

How do you find alveolar ventilation rate?

A

alveolar ventilation rate = alveolar ventilation x breaths/minute

73
Q

How does Oxygen and Carbon dioxide flow? What is the path?

A

Both flow down concentration gradient through passive diffusion. From an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure.

Oxygen:
alveoli -> blood -> interstitial fluid -> body cells

Carbon Dioxide:
body cells -> interstitial fluid -> blood -> alveoli

74
Q

What is Dalton’s law and how is it related to our study of respiration?

A

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if the other gases were not present.

Relates to the partial pressures of each element present in atmosphere to create overall atmospheric pressure

75
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure?

A

760 mmHg

PN2 = 597 mmHg
PO2 = 159 mmHg
PCO2 = 0.3 mmHg
PH2O = 3.7 mmHg
76
Q

What are the partial pressures of oxygen during External and Internal Respiration?

A 
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
Alveolar Air (104 mmHg) -> Deoxygenated Pulmonary Arterial Blood (40 mmHg) -> Oxygenated Systemic Arterial Blood (104 mmHg) -> 
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Interstitial Fluid (40 mmHg) -> Cytoplasm (<40 mmHg)
77
Q

What are the partial pressures of Carbon Dioxide during External and Internal Respiration?

A

INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Cytoplasm (>46 mmHg) -> Interstitial Fluid (46 mmHg) ->

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
Oxygenated Systemic Arterial Blood (40 mmHg) -> Deoxygenated Pulmonary Arterial Blood (46 mmHg) ->
Alveolar Air (40 mmHg) ->

78
Q

What is External (Pulmonary) Respiration and how does it occur?

A

Gas Exchange between Alveoli and Pulmonary Blood

Occurs through diffusion 100% of the time

79
Q

What is the diffusion rate of External (pulmonary) respiration dependent on?

A

PO2 and PCO2 differences
(Henry’s Law)

total surface area (Fick’s Law)

diffusion distance (Fick’s Law)

breathing rate and depth

80
Q

What is Internal (Tissue) Respiration and how does it occur?

A

Gas exchange between Blood and Tissue Cells
-Blood loses O2 (~25% at rest) and gains CO2

Occurs through diffusion 100% of the time

81
Q

Where does most of the blood go to at rest?

A

Brain and cardiac muscle

82
Q

How is oxygen transported?

A

As oxyhemoglobin (Oxygen+Hemoglobin) in blood

83
Q

How is Carbon Dioxide transported in blood?

A

5% dissolved in plasma
5% as carbamino-hemoglobin
90% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

84
Q

What is the bicarbonate buffer equation?

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

85
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

enzyme that catalyze the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons or vice versa

86
Q

What is the relationship between CO2 and H+?

A

high CO2 means high H+

87
Q

What is the relationship between and H+ and pH?

A

high H+ means low pH

88
Q

So what is the relationship between and CO2 and pH?

A

high CO2 means low pH

89
Q

Explain the oxygen dissociation curve.

A

At Rest the PO2 (~40 mmHg) is higher in the blood so the Oxygen Saturation of Hemoglobin (~75%) is higher

At Exercise there is higher demand for oxygen by skeletal muscle so the PO2 in the blood (~25 mmHg) drops and the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin drops as well (~30%)

90
Q

What is the most important factor determining % saturation of hemoglobin?

A

partial pressure of Oxygen

91
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

pH and PCO2 shifts oxygen dissociation curve

92
Q

What would cause the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the right? What does this mean?

A

pH Decrease
PCO2 Increase
Temp Increase
BPG

The shift to the right means you can deliver oxygen to the tissues better because the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin decreases

93
Q

What would cause the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the left? What does this mean?

A

pH Increase
PCO2 Decrease
Temp Decrease

The shift to the left means you can hold on to oxygen better because the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin increases

BIO 241: Anatomy & Physiology II (11 decks)

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