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BIO 241: Anatomy & Physiology II > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the essence of reproduction?

A

Two parents and therefore not genetically identical gametes

- fertilization produces a zygote, which has its own genetics

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2
Q

What is the role of the male in reproduction?

A

produce sperm

introduce sperm into the female body

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3
Q

What is the role of the female in reproduction?

A

produce ova (eggs)
receive sperm and provide for union of the gametes
harbor an embryo/fetus and give birth
nourish offspring

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4
Q

What are the primary sex organs? What are the secondary sex organs?

A

gonads – ovaries and testes

everything else related to reproduction

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5
Q

What is the dartos fascia (muscle)?

A

Smooth muscle fibers responsible for the pigmentation that are part of the scrotum

When cold, the dartos muscle fibers contract the skin and make the scrotum wrinkle

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6
Q

What is the Cremaster muscle?

A

Smooth muscle that pulls up the testis

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7
Q

How is Temperature regulation accomplished by the testes?

A

Testes need to be kept at a slightly cooler body temp than 98.6 so the cremaster muscle assisted by the dartos fascia are responsible for raising or lowering the testes to regulate temperature

  • closer to body to raise temp
  • away from body to cool temp
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8
Q

What is the Cremaster reflex?

A

This reflex is elicited by lightly stroking or poking the superior and medial (inner) part of the thigh—regardless of the direction of stroke. The normal response is an immediate contraction of the cremaster muscle that pulls up the testis ipsilaterally (on the same side of the body)

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9
Q

What are the layers covering the testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis - serous membrane continuous w/ the scrotum

Tunica albuginea - fibrous membrane covering the testes

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10
Q

How many lobules make up each testi?

A

250-300

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11
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of male gametes called spermatozoa

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12
Q

What is the anatomy of the seminiferous tubule?

A

Basement Membrane

Germinal epithelium

1) Germ Cells: spermatogenesis
2) Sustentacular (sertoli) cells: spermiogenesis and secretes inhibin

Lumen

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13
Q

What are the Interstitial Cells (of Leydig)?

A

cells found adjacent to (not in) seminiferous tubules that secrete testosterone

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14
Q

Go through the process of spermatogenesis.

A

Spermatogonium produced by seminiferous tubules can undergo mitosis or differentiate into spermatozoa (commit to becoming spermatozoa.

(1) 1º Spermatocyte (2n4c) undergoes 1st meiotic division → (2) 2º spermatocytes (1n2c) undergoes 2nd meiotic division → 4 spermatids (1n1c) → begin spermiogenesis

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15
Q

Go through the process of spermiogenesis.

A

Spermatids mature in the sertoli (sustentacular) cells
- nourishment, waste removal, and blood-testis barrier

Anatomical maturation

1) Head: (nucleus + acrosome)
2) Midpiece: (mitochondria)
3) Tail: (flagellum)

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16
Q

Walk through the ducts that sperm must travel through to exit the body.

A

Made in seminiferous tubules →Straight Tubules→Rete Testis→Efferent Tubules→Ductus Epididymus→Ductus (vas) deferens→Ejaculatory Duct

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17
Q

Walk through the ducts that sperm must travel through to exit the body.

A

Made in seminiferous tubules →Straight Tubules→Rete Testis→Efferent Ductules→Ductus Epididymus→Ductus (vas) deferens→Ejaculatory Duct →Urethra+Penis

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18
Q

What is the ductus epididymus?

A

storage/maturation sight for sperm cells

  • Sperm must sit here for a couple of weeks to mature and become a functional sperm cell
  • 40 to 60 days to mature
  • resorption if unused
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19
Q

What is the ductus deferens?

A

Vas deferens

From epididumis sperm moves through vas deferens out of scrotum
- Persistalsis moves the sperm

the end of the vas deferens is the ampulla and this is the point where it empties into the ejaculatory duct which leads to the urethra
- prostatic urethra goes through prostate and joins with the seminal vesicle duct which both adds fluid to the sperm and leads to the ejaculatory duct

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20
Q

What is the Ejaculatory Duct?

A

ejaculatory duct passes into prostate gland and eventually joins urethra

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21
Q

What are the parts of the urethra?

A

Three Parts:

  • prostatic
  • membranous
  • spongy (erectile penile)
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22
Q

What are the accessory sex glands?

A

Seminal vesicles (60% of semen)

Prostate gland (30% of semen)

Bulbourethral glands (2)

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23
Q

What is the accessory sex gland, the Seminal vesicles?

A

fructose = energy source

prostaglandins = promotes swimming of sperm cells (motility) and contraction of smooth muscle in the vagina

proseminogelin (fibrin-like) = clotting enzyme; when activated (seminogelin) it sticks sperm to cervix until ready to move

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24
Q

What is the accessory sex gland, the Prostate gland?

A

Sperm has to come in contact w/ fluids from prostate gland to become mature

Citrate, calcium, phosphate = activate mitochondria of the sperm cell (energy production)

Clotting enzymes = activate proseminogelin

Serine protease = breaks down seminogelin clot = sperm start swimming

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25
Q

What are the accessory sex glands, the Bulbourethral glands?

A

Located in membranous urethra

Pre-ejaculatory fluid = before ejaculation =

Acid buffers = urine in urethra + vaginal canal are low pH
Prime urethra so good environment for sperm cells

Mucus = ease of movement for sperm through urethra

26
Q

What is semen?

A

Sperm (10%) + accessory gland secretions (90%)

2 – 5 ml per ejaculate with 50 – 120 million sperm per ml

27
Q

What happens during ejaculation?

A

prostatic fluid and seminal vesicle fluids mixed at emission

proseminogelin → seminogelin by prostatic clotting enzymes

  • semen becomes sticky
  • entangles sperm, sticks semen to vaginal and cervical surfaces
  • prevents semen from draining out of vagina

prostatic serine protease breaks down seminogelin after 20-30 min

  • semen liquefies
  • sperm become very active
  • prostaglandins help to thin cervical mucus plug and may stimulate uterine contractions, helping sperm into uterine cavity
28
Q

What requirements for sperm motility are met by the ejaculation process?

A

vaginal pH (3.5 – 4.0) brought to 7.5

fructose and other sugars provide substrate for sperm ATP production

29
Q

What are the parts of the penis?

A

Internal = root and crura

external

  • body (shaft)
  • glans (head) with prepuce
30
Q

What are the erectile tissues of the penis?

A

corpora cavernosa (2)

corpus spongiosum

31
Q

How does an erection occur (physiology)?

A

dilation of deep artery
- only arteries controlled by PNS

lacunae fill with blood
- spaces in erectile tissue

erectile tissues expand and harden
- bloodflow in

penile veins pinched off
- no bloodflow out

32
Q

What are the internal genitalia of the vagina?

A

2 ovaries
2 oviducts (uterine or Fallopian tubes)
uterus
vagina

33
Q

What is the external genitalia of the vagina?

A

clitoris
labia minora
labia majora

34
Q

What are the female reproductive organs

A

Internal and external genitalia + Breasts and mammary glands

35
Q

Go over the structure of the ovaries.

A

tunica albuginea
- fibrous layer covering ovary

cortex with follicles

medulla with blood supply

ligaments

36
Q

What are the overall features of oogenesis?

A

Mitosis during fetal life then 2 meitotic arrests

7 million at 6th month
2 million at birth
40,000 at puberty
Use 20 – 50 primary oocyte per cycle enter meiosis
     (others just die off)
~480 ovulations = 
~13 per year for 37 years
37
Q

What are the stages of oogenesis?

A

oögonium (2n2c) → primary oöcyte (2n4c)
- arrested at prophase I

At puberty every month one oocyte will be triggererd to resume meiosis

primary oöcyte (2n4c) undergoes 1st meitotic division → secondary oöcyte (1n2c) + polar body (1n2c)
- secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase II

If fertilization occurs egg completes meiosis II
secondary oöcyte (1n2c) → oötid (1n1c) + sperm (1n1c) = 2n2c zygote + polar body

38
Q

What hormones are involved in regulating menstrual cycle?

A

Gn-RF
FSH
LH
estrogen

39
Q

What are follicular cells?

A

Follicular cells (look like simple squamous ) cover oocyte and oocytes sit in ovaries

At puberty 20-50 oocytes will be triggered to progress to meiosis each cycle (most of these oocytes will die; only one will reach point of becoming egg)

Follicular cells will produce estrogen once they are triggered by Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

40
Q

How do follicles change with the ovarian cycle?

A

Primordial follicle
- primary oöcyte arrested in prophase I + 1 layer of flattened follicle cells

Primary unilaminar follicle
- primary oöcyte that has resumed meiosis I + 1 layer of cuboidal follicle cells in mitosis and secreting estrogen

Primary multilaminar follicle
- primary oöcyte that is nearing first meiotic division +
multiple layers of cuboidal follicle cells in mitosis and secreting estrogen

Secondary follicle
- secondary oöcyte that is arrested in metaphase II +
multiple follicle cells in mitosis and secreting estrogen

Tertiary follicle
- secondary oöcyte that is arrested in metaphase II +
multiple follicle cells secreting estrogen

All of oocytes that started cycle will die except 1 which makes it to become tertiary follicle w/ secondary oocyte
This is the one that gets ovulated and leaves ovaries to be captured by fallopian tube (uteran tube)
If fertilized it completes meiosis II and creates ootid and polar body (ONLY IF FERTILIZED)

41
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

The secondary oocyte that is ovulated still has layer of follicular cells covering it (called the corona radiata)
The discarded follicular cells (were part of secondary oocyte) stays behind in ovary and becomes the corpus albicans

42
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

remnants of follicle cells after ovulation

Corpus luteum will continue to release estrogen
Now also produces progesterone for 12-13 days
Triggers uterus to receive a zygote
If no fertilization then corpus luteum dies off in 12-14 days and becomes the corpus albicans
If fertilization occurs then uterus receives zygote and placenta forms taking over for estrogen and progesterone production

43
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

scarred over corpus luteum

44
Q

Walk through the process of follicle growth during ovarian cycle.

A 
Follicular cells (look like simple squamous ) cover oocyte and oocytes sit in ovaries
At puberty 20-50 will be triggered to progress to meiosis each cycle (most of these oocytes will die; only one will reach point of becoming egg)
Follicular cells will produce estrogen once they are triggered by Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Follicular cells become cuboidal in shape and become primary (unilaminar) follicle w/ primary oocyte once triggered by FSH
Follicular cells multiply so now there are multiple layers (called multilaminar) of follicular cells covering primary oocyte
Still producing estrogen

Undergoes meiosis I
Produces polar body + secondary follicle w/ secondary oocyte
Antrum is created (pocket holding estrogen produced by follicular cells) in the primary oocyte

The Antrum grows very large (filled w/ estrogen)
Called tertiary follicle w/ secondary oocyte at this stage

All of oocytes that started cycle will die except 1 which makes it to become tertiary follicle w/ secondary oocyte
This is the one that gets ovulated and leaves ovaries to be captured by fallopian tube (uteran tube)
If fertilized it completes meiosis II and creates ootid and polar body (ONLY IF FERTILIZED)

The secondary oocyte that is ovulated still has layer of follicular cells covering it (called the corona radiata)
The discarded follicular cells (were part of secondary oocyte) stays behind in ovary and becomes the corpus luteum

Corpus luteum will continue to release estrogen
Now also produces progesterone for 12-13 days
Triggers uterus to receive a zygote
If no fertilization then corpus luteum dies off in 12-14 days and becomes the corpus albicans
If fertilization occurs then uterus receives zygote and placenta forms taking over for estrogen and progesterone production

45
Q

What are the sections of the uterine tubes? Histology?

A

Also known as oviducts or Fallopian tubes

Sections:

  • fimbriae: fingerlike extensions that grab oocyte
  • infundibulum: broadest part
  • ampulla: where secondary oocyte meets spermatozoa
  • isthmus: thinnest part that meets uterus

Histology

  • ciliated simple columnar
  • muscularis
46
Q

Where does fertilization occur? What happens if it doesn’t occur here?

A

Ampulla is where you want secondary oocyte to meet spermatozoa

If fertilization occurs here then most likely it will implant in the uterus successfully

If fertilization occurs too soon (like in the peritoneal cavity) results in ectopic pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy is any fertilization that occurs outside of the uterus

If fertilization occurs in infundibulum then it might rupture tissues there

47
Q

What are the sections of the uterus?

A

fundus (upper part)
corpus (body)
cervix (lower part)

48
Q

What supplies blood to the uterus?

A

uterine arteries

spiral arterioles provide more surface area for uterine blood supply

49
Q

Go over the histology of the uterus.

A 
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
 - stratum basalis
 - stratum functionalis
50
Q

Go over the gross anatomy of the vagina.

A

fornix (anterior and posterior)
rugae
hymen
introitus (orifice)

51
Q

Go over the histology of the vagina.

A

stratified squamous
no vaginal glands
- cervical mucous glands and transudation of tissue fluid

cells secrete glycogen

  • Bacteria living in vagina create low pH
  • Why sperm has seminal fluid for buffers
52
Q

Go over the external genitalia and the peritoneum

A

Anatomy of the Vulva (pudendum):

mons pubis cushioning (adipocytes)
labia majora
labia minora
Vestibule (in between labia minora)
   - urethral orifice
   - vaginal introitus (opening)
clitoris with prepuce
vestibular bulbs
 - Bulbs that can become engorged during sexual arousal
 - On eaither side of the vaginal introitus
vestibular glands
paraurethral glands

Anatomy of the perineum:
- urogenital triangle: base is from each ischial tuberosity to the pubic symphisis

  • anal triangle: base is from each ischial tuberosity to the coccyx
53
Q

Go over the breasts and mammary glands.

A

Breasts are divided into multiple lobules separated by adipose tissue w/ mammary glands located inside of each lobule

Mammary glands are modified sudoriferous glands

Ducts:
mammary/alveolar ducts →lactiferous sinus →lactiferous duct → outside

54
Q

What hormones regulate the ovarian cycle?

A

FSH + LH control ovarian cycle

Estrogen + Progesterone control uterine cycle

relaxin – relaxes pubic symphysis/cervical dilation
inhibin – inhibits Gn-RF and FSH
progesterone – stimulates secretory endometrium prepares mammary glands for milk synthesis
estrogen – primary sex characteristics (before birth)
secondary sex characteristics (at puberty)
enlargement of sex organs
female sexual behavior (with testosterone)
endometrial proliferation
increased proteins anabolism

55
Q

What are the effects of low, high and moderate levels of estrogen secretion on the ovarian cycle?

A

Low levels of estrogen allow Gn-RF secretion and the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH, which initiates follicular development at the beginning of a new cycle.

High levels of estrogen allow Gn-RF secretion and the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH, which stimulates ovulation, thus leading to formation of the corpus luteum.

Moderate levels of estrogen inhibit Gn-RF secretion and therefore inhibits FSH and LH
- Birth control = no ovulation b/c APG doesn’t release any hormones

56
Q

What are the effects of low, high and moderate levels of estrogen secretion on the ovarian cycle?

A

Low levels of estrogen allow Gn-RF secretion and the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH, which initiates follicular development at the beginning of a new cycle.

High levels of estrogen allow Gn-RF secretion and the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH, which stimulates ovulation, thus leading to formation of the corpus luteum.

Moderate levels of estrogen inhibit Gn-RF secretion and therefore inhibits FSH and LH
- Birth control = no ovulation b/c APG doesn’t release any hormones

57
Q

What is the female cycle and what are the phases?

A

Average cycle = 28 days

Phases:
menses (days 1-5)

preovulatory (days 6 - 13)

  • ovary = follicular phase (follicles developing)
  • uterus = proliferative phase (building endometirum)

ovulation (day 14)

postovulatory (days 15 – 26) (less variable)

  • ovary = luteal phase (corpus luteum forms)
  • uterus = secretory phase (glands are secreting)

ischemic (days 27 – 28)

58
Q

What happens during the menses phase of female cycle?

A

greatly diminished blood estrogen and progesterone levels; stratum functionalis dead and shedding; low estrogen stimulates Gn-RF + FSH

59
Q

What happens during the preovulatory phase of female cycle?

A

new follicles developing and secreting estrogen; rising blood estrogen causes mitosis of stratum basalis and rebuilding of stratum functionalis

60
Q

What happens during the ovulation phase of female cycle?

A

high estrogen stimulates Gn-RF + LH, thus stimulating ovulation; as a result corpus luteum is formed

61
Q

What happens during the postovulatory phase of female cycle?

A

corpus luteum produces estrogen + progesterone; stratum functionalis becomes secretory:

 1. retains water
 2. uterine glands secrete glycogen
 3. spiral arterioles rapidly develop
62
Q

What happens during the ischemic phase of female cycle?

A

corpus luteum dying; blood estrogen and progesterone levels dropping; spiral arterioles vasoconstrict for 6 hours at a time; stratum functionalis begins to die

BIO 241: Anatomy & Physiology II (11 decks)

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