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COT > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system includes:

A

lungs/respiratory protein (gas exchanging unit)
ventilation mechanism
air passages

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2
Q

pleura divisions

A

parietal pleura- associated with the walls of the body cavity
visceral pleura- adheres to and covers the surface of the lung

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3
Q

parietal pleura

A

reflects off the body wall and forms a tubular covering for the structures entering and exiting the lungs
sleeve like covering and the structures form the root of the lung at the hilum of the lung (medial surface of the lung)

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4
Q

hilum

A

medial surface of the lung where blood vessels enter and exit
parietal pleura and visceral pleura are continuous here

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5
Q

pneumothorax

A

entry of air into the pleural cavity, results in collapse of the lung

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6
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in the pleural cavity

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7
Q

pleural effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

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8
Q

lungs: right and left

A

lungs- apex projects into the root of the neck
base- sits on the diaphragm
right lung- three lobes (superior, middle, inferior), two fissures (horizontal and oblique)
left lung- two lobes (superior and inferior) separated by an oblique fissure

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9
Q

duel blood supply of the lungs

A
  1. functional vessels- pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated blood) and pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
  2. nutrient vessels- bronchial arteries that carry oxygenated blood that nourished the tissues and lungs
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10
Q

function vessels

A 
pulmonary arteries (deoxy) and pulmonary veins (oxy) 
do not run together
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11
Q

nutrient vessles

A

bronchiole arteries- nourish the tissues of the lungs (wall, pleura, connective tissue)
run together

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12
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood form the right ventricle

branches of pulmonary arteries travel alongside the branched of the bronchi and bronchioles down to the capillary level

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13
Q

pulmonary veins

A

blood that is oxygenated at the capillary level is carried in venules that form veins
four veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium
pulmonary veins do not run alongside the pulmonary artery, they are located in the connective tissue segments of the lung

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14
Q

bronchial circulation

A

nutrient vessels
bronchial arteries are branches of the aorta
they provide nourishment to the connective tissues, walls of the bronchi and bronchioles and pleura

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15
Q

tissues of the respiratory system: cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage
c-shaped rings in the trachea
plates in bronchi become progressively smaller

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16
Q

tissues of the respiratory system: smooth muscle

A

regulates the diameter of the airway

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17
Q

tissues of the respiratory system: collagen fibers

A

type1- upper airways
type 3- lower airways- works with elastic fibers that allow for expansion of the respiratory system without over expansion

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18
Q

clinical: increase in collagen in the lungs

A

fibrosis- increase in collagen fibers

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19
Q

tissues of the respiratory system: elastic fibers

A

together form a network that allow expansion (limited) and recoil of the lung
extracellular proteins secreted by fibroblasts
work with collagen fibers

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20
Q

clinical: decrease in elastic fibers in the lung

A

emphysema

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21
Q

the respiratory system is functionally divided into two regions:

A
  1. conducting portion

2. respiratory portion

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22
Q

conducting portion of the lung

A

structure: varying levels of wall thickness with structures that warm, filter, humidify incoming air
location:
- outisde: nasal cavity, oral pharynx, pharynx, larynx, trachea, extra-pulmonary bronchi
- inside: bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
function: conduct and condition air

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23
Q

respiratory portion of the lung

A

structure: thin walled for efficient gas exchange
location: only in the lungs (respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts and sacs
functions: gas exchange
respiratory epithelium- pseudostratified epithelium

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24
Q

trachea wall

A

mucosa (epithelium-
respiratory epithelium-pseudostratified epithelium, elastic rich lamina propria, no muscularis mucosae)
submucosa- tracheal submucosal or seromucous glands
adventitia/cartilage (cartilage is in C-shaped rings

25
Q

tracheal epithelium (five cell types)

A

epithelium- pseudostratified

  1. ciliated cells
  2. mucous cells
  3. brush cells
  4. small granule cells (enteroendocrine cells)
  5. basal cell
26
Q

ciliated cells

A

tracheal epithelium
maintain level pf periciliary fluid (layer of water and electrolytes)
cilia provide coordinated sweeping motion
forms mucous escalator allowing the cilia to beat
clears mucous coat

27
Q

mucous cell

A

tracheal epithelium
mucinogen granules in cytoplasm
the mucus floats on a serous fluid (periciliary fluid)
cilia moves both serous and mucus toward the oral cavity

28
Q

brush cells

A

tracheal epithelium
columnar cells with blunt microvilli
basal surface in synaptic contact with afferent nerve ending
specialized epithelial chemosensors

29
Q

small granule cells (enteroendocrine cells)

A

tracheal epithelium
contain secretory granules
may function in reflexes
granules secrete into underlying connective tissue and release hormone into the blood supply

30
Q

basal cell

A

tracheal epithelium

stem cell for individual cell replacement in the epithelium

31
Q

metaplasia in the human respiratory system

pathogenesis (inhaled irritants- smoking)

A

pseudostratified respiratory epithelium changes to stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium as a protective mechanism
removal of mucous impaired
marked increase in the size of mucus secreting glands of the submucosa
individual must cough to clear secretions (smokers cough)

32
Q

bronchi wall

A

mucosa- pseudostratified epithelium (same cells as trachea)
muscularis- regulates the diameter of the airway
submucosa- glands present
adventitia/cartilage- plats smaller with decreasing diameter
bronchial submucosal glands

33
Q

key concepts of the trachea:

A
  1. plates of cartilage instead of rings- become smaller toward the bronchioles
  2. a layer of smooth muscle, the muscularis is found below the mucosa layer
  3. increase in elastic fibers
34
Q

bronchioles (overview)

A

airways less than 1mm
embedded in CT of the lung
divided into terminal bronchioles (conducting airways) and respiratory epithelium (function as sites of gas exchange
epithelium- simple columnar to simple cuboidal
no cartilage

35
Q

key points on bronchioles

A
  1. cartilage plates and glands are absent
  2. thick layer of smooth layer present
    epithelium changes- ciliates cells reduce in number and club cells (clara cells) increase when proceeding to respiratory zone
36
Q

Club cells (clara cells)- of the bronchioles

A

structure: simple columnar, non-ciliated, dome-shapes apical aspect projects into the lumen
function- detoxify harmful compounds in the air, secrete a lipoprotein (surfactant) that prevents luminal adhesion
mitotically active stem cell
location: bronchioles

37
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

first region where gas exchange takes place
wall interrupted with alveoli
club cells and some cilia cells (club cells dominate)

38
Q

alveoli

A

site of gas exchange

39
Q

alveoli cells

A

lined by type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes

40
Q

alveolar ducts

A

smooth muscle disappears at the end of the duct

elastic and collagen fibers are only support for alveoli

41
Q

alveolar sac

A

spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

42
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

in the wall of the alveoli
structure: squamous, attenuated cells
function- provide barrier of minimal thickness that is permeable to gases

43
Q

type 2 pneumocyte

A

also called septal cells

structure: rounded cells, apical cytoplasm, contains lamellar bodies (frothy appearance)
function: undergo mitosis to regenerate themselves and type 1 pneumocytes, continuously produce surfactant to prevent collapse of the alveoli

44
Q

interalveolar septum (thick and thin portions)

A

thin: site of blood-air barrier, houses the capillary for gas exchange
thick: pulmonary interstitium- composed of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, capillaries, lymph vessels, fibroblasts, mast cells, alveolar macrophages

45
Q

blood- air barrier (respiratory membrane)

A

four components:

  • layer of surfactant
  • alveolar epithelium (type 1 pneumocyte cytoplasm)
  • fused basement membranes of the alveolar cell and endothelial cell
  • endothelial cell
46
Q

alveolar pore (pores of Kohn)

A

functions: equalizing pressure in the alveoli, enable collateral ventilation, allow macrophage migration
tight junctions between the alveolar cells (type 1 and 2)

47
Q

defense mechanisms in the respiratory system

A
  1. nose and trachea (nasal hairs and capillary bed in nasal cavity and serous-mucus bed
  2. mucociliary escalator (transport
48
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

traps and removes debris, bacteria and particles and toxic substances from distal to proximal
components:
-cilia
-serous fluid (periciliary fluid)
-mucous layer (produced by mucous cells and submucosal glands)
-alveolar macrophages- at distal level can trap particles and can travel to where the cilia are; but can also burrow into CT where die and stick (i.e. black lung)

49
Q

lung development

A

lung= bud of endoderm layer

embryonic stage- day 22- 6/8weeks

50
Q

endoderm derived

A

gives rise to epithelium lining, the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles proximally, parenchymal cells distally

51
Q

splanchnic mesoderm derived

A

gives rise to cartilage, muscle, and connective tissue components, vascular network

52
Q

stage of development

A
  1. embryonic
  2. pseudoglandular
  3. canalicular
  4. terminal saccular stage
  5. alveolar stage
53
Q

embryonic stage

A

respiratory diverticulum forms (22 days to 6/8 weeks)

54
Q

pseuglandular stage

A

branching to form terminal bronchioles (6-16 weeks)

55
Q

canalicular stage-

A

respiratory bronchioles form (16-26 weeks)

56
Q

terminal saccular stage

A

mature capillary-epithelium interface (26 weeks- birth)

57
Q

alveolar stage

A

increase in respiratory bronchioles and alveoli (32 weeks- birth/post natal)

58
Q

BALT/MALT

A

bronchial associated lymph tissue

COT (3 decks)

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