Anatomy and Histology of the Cardiovascular system

Question 1

Three layers of the heart

Answer 1

epicardium (outer)
myocardium (middle)
endocardium (inner)

Question 2

Three layers of blood vessels

Answer 2

tunica adventitia (outer)- connective tissue
Tunica media (middle)- smooth muscle 
Tunica intimas(inner)- endothelium

Question 3

Entire cardiovascualr (and lymph) lined with ______

Answer 3

endothelium

Question 4

Epithelium of the blood vessels runs which direction?

Answer 4

longituidinal- parallel to the long axis (parallel to blood flow)

Question 5

Location of adult heart

Answer 5

mediastinum

Question 6

Heart is surrounded by

Answer 6

fibrous capsule- pericardium

Question 7

apex of the heart

Answer 7

tip of left ventricle

Question 8

layers of the pericardium

Answer 8

two layers:

1. tough external fibrous layer- fibrous pericardium
2. parietal layer of serous pericardium- lines the inner surface

Question 9

What is the pericardial cavity

Answer 9

space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium (lined by mesothelium

Question 10

wall of the hear: epidcardium

Answer 10

outer surface of the heart cushions heart in pericardial cavity
subepicardial layer- location of major blood vessels
visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 11

wall of the heart: myocardium

Answer 11

cardiac muscle- principal layer of the heart

Question 12

wall of the heart: endocardium

Answer 12

inner layer of endothelium with connective tissue

subendocardial layer- location of the conducting system of the heart (location of Purkinje fibers)

Question 13

Purkinje fibers

Answer 13

deep layer of the endocardium (subendocardium)
continuous with the cardiac conducting cells and terminate in the myocardium
larger
contain large amounts of glycogen (pale staining)
more resistant to hypoxia because of the large amount of glycogen

Question 14

Arteries- function

Answer 14

carry blood away from the heart

Question 15

arterioles

Answer 15

smallest artery

Question 16

capillaries and types

Answer 16

site of exchange

types:
- continuous
- fenestrated
- sinusoidal

Question 17

venules

Answer 17

smallest veins

Question 18

veins

Answer 18

return blood to the heart

Question 19

elastic arteries

Answer 19

closest to the hear
conducting arteries-ability to recoil
tunica media- smooth muscle cells seperated by elstic lamellae
no fibroblasts in the tunica media (smooth muscle cells secrete ECM)

Question 20

what is between the layers of elastic lamellae of elastic arteries

Answer 20

smooth muscle cells, collagen, elastin and ground substance

Question 21

elastin in the elastic artery is in the form of

Answer 21

fenestrated sheets arranged concentrically (fenestrations allow for diffusion across arterial wall)

Question 22

muscular arteries

Answer 22

distributing arteries
tunica media- composed of mostly smooth muscle (some elastic fibers)
Internal elastic membrane (IEM) and external elastic membrane (EEM)

Question 23

internal elastic membrane (IEM)

Answer 23

interface of tunica intima and tunica media in muscular arteries

Question 24

External elastic membrane (EEM)

Answer 24

in large muscular arteries between tunica media and tunica adventitia

Question 25

arterioles (in depth)

Answer 25

resistance vessels smaller than muscular arteries (1-3 layers of smooth muscle) poorly defined tunica adventitia flow regulator of the capillaries

Question 26

metartiole

Answer 26

gives rise to capillaries

Question 27

capillary (in depth)

Answer 27

very thin walls- allowing for diffusion consist of endothelial cell and basement membrane (in some locations- pericyte) diameter- size of one RBC

Question 28

continuous capillary

Answer 28

found in skeletal muscle, lung and CNS occluding junctions- only allow passage of small molecules between adjacent cells pinocytotic vesicles locaste at the basal and apical surfaces function in transport of larger molecules between lumen and connective tissue pericytes surrounded endothelial cell- enclosed in basal lamina

Question 29

pericyte location

Answer 29

location: in some continuous capillaries and post-capillary venules and associated with the endothelium

Question 30

pericyte morphology

Answer 30

brnach cytoplasmic processes

Question 31

fenestrated capillary

Answer 31

found in endocrine glands, kidney, gall bladder, intestinal tract and salivary glands fenestrations- provide channels across capillary wall

Question 32

sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillary

Answer 32

found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow large diameter and irregular shape basal lamina is discontinuous or absent

Question 33

venules

Answer 33

collect blood from the capillary network possess endothelail ling with basal lamina and pericytes often runs in close proximity to an arteriole relatively large lumen

Question 34

high endothelial venules (HEVs)

Answer 34

post-capillary venules in some lymph organs | prominent cuboidal endothelial cells with ovoid nucleus

Question 35

veins (in depth layers)

Answer 35

tunica intima- endothelium with basal lamina and connective tissue tunica media- much thinner than in arteries tunica adventitia- typically thicker than the tunica media and consists of collagen fibers and networks of elastic fibers

Question 36

special vein (vena cava like vein, large vein)

Answer 36

thin layer of circumferentially arranged smooth muscle of tunica media and the tunica adventitia with large amounts of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle bundles

Question 37

blood flow off the aorta

Answer 37

ascending aorta--> -coronary arteries (supply the heart with oxygenated blood) -brachiocephalic trunk- at the arch of the aorta divides into the right common carotid and the right subclavian -left common carotid left subclavian -ends by becoming the thoracic (descending) aorta

Question 38

Arm arterial blood flow

Answer 38

subclavian artery (bilaterally) continues as the axillary artery --> brachial artery--> ulnar and radial artery

Question 39

veins from arm to heart

Answer 39

axillary vein--> subclavian vein --> unites with the internal jugular vein (drains the head and neck) to from the brachiocephalic vein (arm and head) -right and left brachiocephalic veins combine to form the superior vena caca

Question 40

thoracic aorta--> downward

Answer 40

thoracic aorta--> travels through a hiatus in the diaphragm--> becomes the abdominal aorta--> gives rise to unpaired arteries (celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery) and paired arteries (renal arteries) - abdominal aorta terminates as the common iliac arteries --> internal iliac arteries and external iliac arteries (continues as femoral artery)

Question 41

veins from feet to heart

Answer 41

femoral vein--> external iliac vein--> external and internal iliac veins (right and left) combine to form the common iliac veins --> common iliac veins unite to from the inferior vena cava

Question 42

lymphatic vacular system

Answer 42

lymphoid system is an overflow system that drains surplus tissue fluid, removes cellular debris, monitors infection/pathogens

Question 43

lymphatic vascular system includes:

Answer 43

lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph (fluid), lymph nodes, lymphocytes)

Question 44

lymphatic capillaries

Answer 44

more permeable than blood capillaries and collect excess protein-rich tissue fluid from the intercellular spaces once collected in the lymph vessel- it is called lymph

Question 45

lymph capillaries and vessels

Answer 45

unidirectional (toward the heart), blind ended vessels on the location of capillary beds lack a continuous basal lamina (high permeability) possess valves that prevent back flow of the lymph, thus aiding unidirectional flow

Question 46

lymph

Answer 46

tissue fluid that enters the lymphatic capillaries | clear fluid with composition similar to blood plasma

Question 47

lymph drainage towards the heart

Answer 47

vessels merge as they get close to the heart larger vessels forms lymphatic trunks which ultimately give rise to: -right lymphatic trunk- drains right upper quadrant -thoracic duct- drains the remainder of the body both ducts enter a large vein close to the right atrium of the heart

Question 48

vaso vasorum and vasomotor nerves

Answer 48

supply the layers