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COT > Anatomy and Histology of the Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Anatomy and Histology of the Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Three layers of the heart

A

epicardium (outer)
myocardium (middle)
endocardium (inner)

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2
Q

Three layers of blood vessels

A 
tunica adventitia (outer)- connective tissue
Tunica media (middle)- smooth muscle 
Tunica intimas(inner)- endothelium
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3
Q

Entire cardiovascualr (and lymph) lined with ______

A

endothelium

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4
Q

Epithelium of the blood vessels runs which direction?

A

longituidinal- parallel to the long axis (parallel to blood flow)

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5
Q

Location of adult heart

A

mediastinum

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6
Q

Heart is surrounded by

A

fibrous capsule- pericardium

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7
Q

apex of the heart

A

tip of left ventricle

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8
Q

layers of the pericardium

A

two layers:

  1. tough external fibrous layer- fibrous pericardium
  2. parietal layer of serous pericardium- lines the inner surface
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9
Q

What is the pericardial cavity

A

space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium (lined by mesothelium

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10
Q

wall of the hear: epidcardium

A

outer surface of the heart cushions heart in pericardial cavity
subepicardial layer- location of major blood vessels
visceral layer of serous pericardium

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11
Q

wall of the heart: myocardium

A

cardiac muscle- principal layer of the heart

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12
Q

wall of the heart: endocardium

A

inner layer of endothelium with connective tissue

subendocardial layer- location of the conducting system of the heart (location of Purkinje fibers)

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13
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

deep layer of the endocardium (subendocardium)
continuous with the cardiac conducting cells and terminate in the myocardium
larger
contain large amounts of glycogen (pale staining)
more resistant to hypoxia because of the large amount of glycogen

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14
Q

Arteries- function

A

carry blood away from the heart

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15
Q

arterioles

A

smallest artery

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16
Q

capillaries and types

A

site of exchange

types:
- continuous
- fenestrated
- sinusoidal

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17
Q

venules

A

smallest veins

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18
Q

veins

A

return blood to the heart

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19
Q

elastic arteries

A

closest to the hear
conducting arteries-ability to recoil
tunica media- smooth muscle cells seperated by elstic lamellae
no fibroblasts in the tunica media (smooth muscle cells secrete ECM)

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20
Q

what is between the layers of elastic lamellae of elastic arteries

A

smooth muscle cells, collagen, elastin and ground substance

21
Q

elastin in the elastic artery is in the form of

A

fenestrated sheets arranged concentrically (fenestrations allow for diffusion across arterial wall)

22
Q

muscular arteries

A

distributing arteries
tunica media- composed of mostly smooth muscle (some elastic fibers)
Internal elastic membrane (IEM) and external elastic membrane (EEM)

23
Q

internal elastic membrane (IEM)

A

interface of tunica intima and tunica media in muscular arteries

24
Q

External elastic membrane (EEM)

A

in large muscular arteries between tunica media and tunica adventitia

25
Q

arterioles (in depth)

A

resistance vessels
smaller than muscular arteries (1-3 layers of smooth muscle)
poorly defined tunica adventitia
flow regulator of the capillaries

26
Q

metartiole

A

gives rise to capillaries

27
Q

capillary (in depth)

A

very thin walls- allowing for diffusion
consist of endothelial cell and basement membrane (in some locations- pericyte)
diameter- size of one RBC

28
Q

continuous capillary

A

found in skeletal muscle, lung and CNS
occluding junctions- only allow passage of small molecules between adjacent cells
pinocytotic vesicles locaste at the basal and apical surfaces function in transport of larger molecules between lumen and connective tissue
pericytes surrounded endothelial cell- enclosed in basal lamina

29
Q

pericyte location

A

location: in some continuous capillaries and post-capillary venules and associated with the endothelium

30
Q

pericyte morphology

A

brnach cytoplasmic processes

31
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

found in endocrine glands, kidney, gall bladder, intestinal tract and salivary glands
fenestrations- provide channels across capillary wall

32
Q

sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillary

A

found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow
large diameter and irregular shape
basal lamina is discontinuous or absent

33
Q

venules

A

collect blood from the capillary network
possess endothelail ling with basal lamina and pericytes
often runs in close proximity to an arteriole
relatively large lumen

34
Q

high endothelial venules (HEVs)

A

post-capillary venules in some lymph organs

prominent cuboidal endothelial cells with ovoid nucleus

35
Q

veins (in depth layers)

A

tunica intima- endothelium with basal lamina and connective tissue
tunica media- much thinner than in arteries
tunica adventitia- typically thicker than the tunica media and consists of collagen fibers and networks of elastic fibers

36
Q

special vein (vena cava like vein, large vein)

A

thin layer of circumferentially arranged smooth muscle of tunica media and the tunica adventitia with large amounts of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle bundles

37
Q

blood flow off the aorta

A

ascending aorta–>
-coronary arteries (supply the heart with oxygenated blood)
-brachiocephalic trunk- at the arch of the aorta divides into the right common carotid and the right subclavian
-left common carotid
left subclavian
-ends by becoming the thoracic (descending) aorta

38
Q

Arm arterial blood flow

A

subclavian artery (bilaterally) continues as the axillary artery –> brachial artery–> ulnar and radial artery

39
Q

veins from arm to heart

A

axillary vein–> subclavian vein –> unites with the internal jugular vein (drains the head and neck) to from the brachiocephalic vein (arm and head)
-right and left brachiocephalic veins combine to form the superior vena caca

40
Q

thoracic aorta–> downward

A

thoracic aorta–> travels through a hiatus in the diaphragm–> becomes the abdominal aorta–> gives rise to unpaired arteries (celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery) and paired arteries (renal arteries)
- abdominal aorta terminates as the common iliac arteries –> internal iliac arteries and external iliac arteries (continues as femoral artery)

41
Q

veins from feet to heart

A

femoral vein–> external iliac vein–> external and internal iliac veins (right and left) combine to form the common iliac veins –> common iliac veins unite to from the inferior vena cava

42
Q

lymphatic vacular system

A

lymphoid system is an overflow system that drains surplus tissue fluid, removes cellular debris, monitors infection/pathogens

43
Q

lymphatic vascular system includes:

A

lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph (fluid), lymph nodes, lymphocytes)

44
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

more permeable than blood capillaries and collect excess protein-rich tissue fluid from the intercellular spaces
once collected in the lymph vessel- it is called lymph

45
Q

lymph capillaries and vessels

A

unidirectional (toward the heart), blind ended vessels on the location of capillary beds
lack a continuous basal lamina (high permeability)
possess valves that prevent back flow of the lymph, thus aiding unidirectional flow

46
Q

lymph

A

tissue fluid that enters the lymphatic capillaries

clear fluid with composition similar to blood plasma

47
Q

lymph drainage towards the heart

A

vessels merge as they get close to the heart
larger vessels forms lymphatic trunks which ultimately give rise to:
-right lymphatic trunk- drains right upper quadrant
-thoracic duct- drains the remainder of the body
both ducts enter a large vein close to the right atrium of the heart

48
Q

vaso vasorum and vasomotor nerves

A

supply the layers

COT (3 decks)

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