Respiratory System Flashcards
pulmonary anthracosis
guttural pouch mycosis
granulomatous rhinitis in a dog due to rhinosporidium seeberi (aquatic parasite)
this sheep lung is affected by the agent Pasteurella multocida. what type of pneumonia is this?
suppurative bronchopneumonia (example of chronic enzootic pneumonia)
T/F: equine viral arteritis (EVA) virus and equine adenovirus can can pneumonia in horses
TRUE
what is characteristically present in cattle with atypical interstitical pneumonia (AIP)?
edema, interstitial emphysema, hyaline membranes (picture below: causes diffuse alveolar damage), type II pneumocyte hyperplasia and interstitial fibrosis with cellular infiltrates
guttural pouch mycosis
you see this upon necropsy of a 3 year old sheep, you diagnose as ovine pulmonary carcinoma (pulmonary adenomatosis). what is the likely cause?
transmissible retrovirus, found around world except New Zealand and Australia mainly in mature sheep, chronic
fibrinous bronchopneumonia
vesicles on tongue due to feline calicivirus
what would you see in histology with pneumocystosis?
foamy eosinophilic proteinaceous material within alveoli, in this case fungal organisms are present
lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), non-suppurative encephalitis (visna), lymphocytic arthritis, lymphofollicular mastitis and vasculitis are all indicative of what viral pneumonia in sheep?
maedi/OPP = retrovirus of lentivirus subfamily
oestrus ovis (nasal bot in sheep), aberrant migration of larva
fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonia (this example is from a 3 month old pig, possible component of glasser’s disease > haemophilus parasuis)
laryngeal hemiplegia in horses is due to atrophy of what muscle?
left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
interstitial pneumonia is a common complication in arabian foals with SCID due to what?
adenovirus or pneumocystis carinii infections
what are factors known to predispose bacterial pneumonia?
- viruses
- stress
- dehydration
- pulmonary edema
- uremia -ammonia
- immunosuppression/immunodef
calves with bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) are highly susceptible to what?
bronchopneumonia, BLAD prevents the migration of neutrophils from the capillaries
what is atelectasis?
incomplete expansion of the lungs or portions of the lungs
hemosiderin-laden macrophages, “heart failure cells”, siderophages w/in alveoli
this cat has chronic pleuritis with “sulfur granules”, what could be the cause?
nocardiosis (nocardia asteroides)
what does “fog fevers” pneumotoxic compound cause?
extensive necrosis of bronchiolar epithelial cells and type I pneumocytes
PI-3 virus and RSV can produce pneumonia in cattle and what other species?
Sheep
suppurative bronchopneumonia (enzootic pneumonia [bacterial])
ethmoidal hematoma (pedunculated tumor-like lesion), common cause of epistaxis in old horses, etiology unknown
what makes regrowth pasture after hay or silage has been cut or lush green grass cause “fog fever”?
contains L-tryptophan which is metabolized in rumen to 3-methylindole >goes into blood to lungs > metabolized by mixed function oxidases of non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells (“clara” cells) into pneumotoxic compound
chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema complex, “heaves”, recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) = asthma-like syndrome, nasal flaring with mucoid nasal discharge
T/F: defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract include non-specific (non-immune-mediated) and specific (immune-mediated)
TRUE NON-SPECIFIC
- mucous trapping
- mucociliary clearance
- phagocytosis
- air turbulence
SPECIFIC
- antibody production
- antibody-mediated phagocytosis
- cell-mediated immunity
bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (“fog fever”), extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis), reinfection syndrome (hypersensitivity to dictyocaulus sp. or BRSV), milk allergy (type 1 hypersensitivity in cows sensitive to own milk casein and lactalbumin), and ingestion of moldy potatoes (w/ 4-ipomeanol which is metabolized by mixed function oxydases in the lung (clara cells) to potent pneumotoxicant) all cause what type of pneumonia in cattle?
atypical interstitial pneumonia (AIP)
what type of pneumonia is this in a dog with either a blastomyces dermatitidis or histoplasmosis?
granulomatous pneumonia
what causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBF)?
BoHV-1
feline calicivirus causing mild oculonasal discharge in addition to vesicular and ulcerative stomatitis - diffuse interstitial pneumonia may also occur
T/F: lung tissue does not float with atelectasis
TRUE
what facultative intracellular gram positive bacteria is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in foals worldwide and causes pyogranulomatous pneumonia?
rhodococcus equi, virulence factors encoded in plasmids > survival in macrophages (avoids phagocytosis by inducing defective phagosome-lysosome fusion)
what is different about lesions in cervids with TB that other animals affected?
often contain prominent suppurative exudate and resemble abscesses
mesothelioma is something you see in humans, what species is affected in animals?
cattle
what bacterial infection causes atrophic rhinitis in grower pigs?
Pasteurella multocida types D and A and Bordetella bronchiseptica, P. multocida produces cytotoxins > inhibit osteoblastic activity, promotes osteoclastic reabsorption of nasal turbinates (ventral scroll most affected)
inflammation of the guttural pouch = guttural pouch empyema, due to strangles, “inspissated” exudate, “chondroids”
granulomatous pneumonia (tuberculosis [bacterial], deep seated mycoses)
laryngeal hemiplegia (paralysis), “roaring” horses
suppurative bronchopneumonia
T/F: healthy bronchioles have goblet cells
FALSE, they DO NOT have goblet cells
what is pulmonary emphysema?
permanent enlargement of air-spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls
locally extensive dorsal-diaphragmatic pneumonia (porcine fibrinous pleuropneumonia [bacterial])
what is the likely cause of this pneumonia in a dog?
uremia, uremic pneumonitis
hypostatic congestion (prolonged recumbency)
T/F: In general the upper respiratory tract is the portion of the respiratory system located outside the thoracic cavity
TRUE
what are common sequels of chronic suppurative pneumonia?
abscessation and bronchiectasis
you see this on histology of a cat, what might be your diagnosis?
pulmonary adenocarcinoma
where are the lesions of mycoplasma bovis typically found?
TB lesions are more common in retropharyngeal lymph nodes, lungs, thoracic and mesenteric lymph nodes
what is meconium?
dark-green mucilaginous material in the intestine of a full term fetus, mixture of secretions from intestinal glands and amniotic fluid
pulmonary edema in pig
systemic herpesvirus infection in neonatal calves
Dog, MDx?
metastatic melanoma
what is a relatively common condition in race horses that causes pulmonary hemorrhage?
exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), follows strenuous exercise, 1-10% have epistaxis, probably result of marked elevations in arterial and capillary pressures during strenuous exercise
what are the two most common infectious pneumonias in dogs?
infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) and canine distemper
suppurative bronchopneumonia
T/F: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), swine influenza, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) are all examples of viral pneumonias of pigs
TRUE
hemothorax (ruptured aortic aneurism)
what AIP syndrome in cattle is this?
bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema “fog fever”, cattle graze fog pastures (regrowth pasture after hay or silage cut or lush green grass)
what type of pneumonia is this in a dog with canine distemper?
broncho-interstitial pneumonia
pulmonary atelectasis
embolic pneumonia
T/F: pulmonary arteries conduct oxygenated blood from the right side of the heart while the bronchial arteries carry deoxygenated blood
FALSE, opposite
what is pulmonary emphysema secondary to in animals?
obstruction of outflow of air or agonal at slaughter, frequent w/ animals w/ bronchopneumonia > airflow imbalance> volume of air entering lungs exceeds volume exiting lung during expiration
aspiration pneumonia (improper stomach tubing)
T/F: upper respiratory infections are common in cats while pneumonias are rare
TRUE
what causes shipping fever?
mannheimia haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1
T/F: mannheimia haemolytica (biotype A) usually causes septicemic pasteurellosis in lambs 5 to 12 months old while bibersteinia (pasteurella) trehalosi (biotype T) causes it in lambs under 3 months
FALSE, opposite
fibrinous rhinitis caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (formation of diptheritic membrane)
fibrinosuppurative pleuropneumonia in rabbits is commonly caused by what bacteria?
p. multocida > rhinitis (“snuffles”)
you see a calves with necrotizing bronchiolitis, what should you consider?
BRSV and PI-3
what is an example of a massive acquired atelectasis?
pneumothorax
Maedi (maedi-visna) is also called what?
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)
T/F: primary pulmonary tumors are more rare in humans than animals
FALSE, most are malignant and are most common in dogs and cats
syncytial cells (caused by either BRSV or PI-3 virus)
what are the causes of atelectasis?
congenital or acquired (compressive, massive, or obstructive)
which physiological respiratory system is normal flora located in?
conductive (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, and trachea), everywhere else is STERILE
hemosideran-laden alveolar macrophages
T/F: Maedi (OPP) is an acute viral pneumonia of sheep
FALSE, it is a viral pneumonia of sheep that is LIFELONG and PERSISTENT
what often causes verminous bronchitis/pneumonia in cattle?
dictyocaulus viviparus > interstitial pneumonia (larval migration) to chronic bronchitis (intrabronchial adult parasites) to granulomatous pneumonia (eggs, dead larvae)
- dictyocaulus filaria: sheep, goats
- dictyocaulus arnfieldi: equids (horses, donkeys)
- metastrongylus spp: pigs
what are the two pulmonary macrophages?
- alveolar macrophages (PAMs)
- intravascular macrophages (PIMS > ruminants)
inclusion body rhinitis caused by porcine cytomegalovirus (SHV-2) usually in pigs 3-5 weeks. fatal systemic infection in young (less than 3 weeks)
hydrothorax (hypoproteinemia > increased hydrostatic pressure > pulmonary edema)
vena cava thrombosis in cattle (epistaxis and pulmonary hemorrhage relatively common)
what countries do you NOT see Maedi (maedi-visna) in?
Australia and New Zealand
tumor metastases from a nonpulmonary primary site (mammary carcinoma)
what age of sheep does chronic enzootic pneumonia generally affect?
1 year old
verminous (parasitic) pneumonia (lungworms)
what is the mucosa of the conducting system primarily lined with?
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and goblet cells
other than canine distemper, what other viruses can cause pneumonia in dogs?
canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine herpesvirus (CHV-1) and canine influenza
what are the two types of epithelial cells alveoli are lined with?
- type 1 (membranous)
- type 2 (granular) both = pneumocytes
what highly contagious multifactorial disease of pigs is influenced by immune status and management factors such as crowding, poor ventilation, humidity and temperature fluctuation in barns and is characterized by low mortality unless complicated with secondary pathogens?
porcine enzootic pneumonia
tracheal collapse, mainly in toy and miniature dog breeds, occassionally in horses, cattle and goats
interstitial pneumonia in a feeder pig is highly suggestive of what type of pneumonia?
viral
what does pneumonic mannheimiosis cause in cattle?
= “shipping fever”, causes fibrinous bronchopneumonia (marbeling appearance of pulmonary parenchyma), an acute respiratory disease that occurs weeks after shipment
what usually causes laryngeal hemiplegia in horses?
an idiopathic neuropathy affecting the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
what are the main pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema?
increased hydrostatic pressure, increase vascular permeability, obstruction to lymphatic drainage
dyspnea and insidious slowly progressive emaciation despite good appetite are characteristics of what viral pneumonia of sheep?
Maedi/OPP
in what bovine viruses will you see eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (syncytial cells) in bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages?
para-influenza-3 virus (PI-3 virus) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
what are the most common agents of non-infectious pneumonia in dogs?
uremia and paraquat (herbicide) toxicity
What are the three physiological systems that make up the respiratory tract?
- conducting system (nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
- transitional system (bronchioles lined by Clara cells, non-ciliated secretory cells and few ciliated cells)
- exchange system (alveolar ducts and millions of alveoli)
patchy pulmonary atelectasis due to aspiration of meconium and amniotic fluid-calf
what is the blood-air barrier composed of?
vascular endothelium, basement membrane of the endothelial cell, basement membrane of the type I pneumocyte and the cytoplasm of the type I pneumocyte
what pneumonia in sheep is similar to shipping fever in cattle?
ovine pneumonic mannheimosis
what is the main pathogen involved in porcine enzootic pneumonia?
mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, induces a suppurative or catarrhal bronchopneumonia w/ BALT hyperplasia (CHARACTERISTIC)
pyothorax
necrotic laryngitis (calf diptheria), secondary infection by fusobacterium necrophorum following trauma or viral infection (IBR), can occur as part of oral necrobacillosis in calves and swine, plaques of ulceration covered by fibrinonecrotic exudate
fibrinous bronchopneumonia
enzootic nasal carcinoma (or adenocarcinoma) in sheep due to enzootic nasal tumor virus=ovine beta-retrovirus
what does the histophilus somni disease complex cause in cattle?
suppurative or fibrinous bronchopneumonia
necrotizing pharyngitis and tosilitis, septicemia with disseminated intravascular thrombosis and bacteremia are characteristic lesions of what in lambs?
septicemic pasteurellosis
dorso-ventral flattening of the trachea and concomittant widening of the dorsal tracheal membrane > may result in coughing and exercise intolerance
T/F: equine viral rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1, EHV-4) and equine influenza are important diseases in horses worldwide
TRUE
chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia
atrophic rhinitis is pigs, multifactorial disease in growers
what can help you determine whether a lesions are from pneumonic mannheimiosis or actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (porcine contagious pleuropneumonia)?
distribution of lesions! actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae lesions are on dorsal caudal lung lobes
suppurative bronchopneumonia
where do you commonly see “extrinsic allergic alveolitis” and what does it cause?
commonly seen in adult dairy cows in ther winter, type III hypersensitivity reaction to inhaled organic antigens (usually fungal spores in moldy hay) causing deposition of Ag-Ab complexes in lungs
what are examples of compressive acquired atelectasis?
space-occupying lesions (hydrothorax, hemothorax, pleuritis)
embolic pneumonia (bacterial endocarditis)
diffuse interstitial pneumonia due to FCV
what is the agent causing this highly contagious often fatal fibrinous bronchopenumonia of pigs 2-5 months characterized by severe lesions of hemorrhage, necrosis and thrombosis?
porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
what is the most likely cause of the pneumonia in this dog?
aspiration, aspiration pneumonia
interstitial pneumonia
this is a histological slide from a foal with what virus?
adenovirus
what is the MDx of this example of emoblic aspergillus infection in a horse?
multifocal, necrotizing and hemorrhagic pneumonia (mycotic pneumonia)
what bacteria plays a primary role in canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)?
bordetella bronchiseptica, CAV-2, CPIV-2, canine distemper virus and mycoplasma spp. have predisposing roles
fibrinous pleuritis (horse, streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus)
ulcerative glossitis due to feline calicivirus
pyogranulomatous enterocolitis/lymphadenitis
T/F: pneumonias are common in dogs compared to food-producing animals
FALSE, opposite
interstitial emphysema in bovine
what is another name for mycoplasma bovis?
bovine tuberculosis, affects cattle, humans, deer, elk, bison, and wild ruminants
guttural pouch tympany in a foal
an inherited disorder (autosomal recessive trait characterized by lack of B and T lymphocytes) arabian foals can have
SCID
strangles due to streptococcus equi, lymph node and guttural pouch involvement
why is an emphysematous lung dysfunctional?
loss of alveolar septa reduces the alveolar surface area resulting in a reduction in gas exchange
primary lung tumor w/ secondary metastases
what are bacterial pneumonias often secondary to in dogs?
distemper virus infection or aspiration of gastric contents, p. multocida, streptococcus, e. coli, klebsiella pneumoniae and bordetella bronchiseptica
feline asthma, “feline allergic bronchitis”, “hyperactive airway disease”
nasal squamous cell carcinoma
guttural pouch mycosis caused by aspergillus fumigatus, involvement of C.N.s VII, IX, X, XI, XII, erosion of the wall fo the internal carotid artery > epistaxis or fatal hemorrhage
multifocal subpleural pneumonitis from muellerius capillaris in sheep
T/F: chronic enzootic pneumonia is a multifactorial disease which can include the following etiologic agents: mannheimia haemolytica, pasteurella multocida, PI-3, adenovirus, reovirus, RSV, chlamydophilia, and mycoplasmas
TRUE
mycotic airsacculitis (granulomatous pneumonia) in emus are caused by what agent?
aspergillus spp.
what is an example of an obstructive acquired atelectasis?
inflammation or edema
T/F: most pulmonary neoplasms in dogs and cats are benign and appear as solitary masses of variable size
FALSE, most are MALIGNANT
mature sporangia filled with endospores in dog with rhinosporidium seeberi
fibrinous bronchopneumonia (shipping fever [bacterial])
where does hemorrhage occur in exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses?
dorso-caudal portions of the caudal lung lobes
what causes the “heave line” in RAO in horses?
hypertrophy of external abdominal oblique muscles as result of expiratory efforts
what does mycoplasma bovis cause in bovine?
chronic respiratory disease, chronic necrotizing bronchopneumonia, severe chronic fibrinous arthritis
interstitial (diffuse) pneumonia (viral influenza)
ulcerative and necrotizing laryngo-tracheitis due to IBR in cattle
what virus in goats is capable of causing lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia similar to OPP in sheep?
caprine arthritis and encephalitis (CAE)
granulomatous pneumonia
chylothorax
pulmonary anthracosis
metastatic neoplasms = common, primary pulmonary neoplasms (largely carcinomas) are relatively rare but are more common in what animal?
aged dogs and cats
T/F: viruses often cause a persistent broncho-interstitial pneumonia and make horses susceptible to secondary bacterial pneumonias (p. mulocida, streptococcus spp, e. coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, rhodococcus equi, etc.)
FALSE, they often cause a TRANSIENT broncho-interstitial pneumonia
bullous emphysema = large focal air-filled spaces (bullae) > rupture may lead to fatal pneumothorax
postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is caused by what virus?
PCV-2 (porcine circovirus associated disease)
what type of lesion do you see with extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
vary from subtle gray subpleural foci of granulomatous inflammation to severe lesions where lungs are meaty looking from alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, interstitial inflammationa and fibrosis
you see this on histology in a cat who was caught eating a snail, what do you suspect is the cause?
aelurostrongylus abstrusus
what type of respiratory infections may predispose horses to “airway hyper-responsiveness” and recurrent airway obstruction (chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema complex, “heaves”)?
viral
feline viral rhinotracheitis caused by feline herpesvirus 1, rhinitis and conjunctivitis
metastrongylus spp. (pig lungworms), found in the caudal lung lobe, catarrhal bronchitis (mucoid exudate)
