Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system
Air conduction/gas exchange, Phonation, Olfaction, Heat regulation, temp and moisture, protection, acid-based regulation, hormone conversion.
Functionally the structures within the respiratory system can be subdivided into:
- Conductive system 2. Transitional system 3. Gas exchange
What is the conductive system composed of
Composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi
What is the transitional system composed of
Terminal Bronchioles
What is the gas exchange system composed of
Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
In the transitional system the terminal bronchioles are lined by what?
- “Club cells” (Clara cells) - non-ciliated secretory cells - only a few ciliated cells - healthy bronchioles DO NOT have goblet cells.
What are the alveoli lined by?
Epithelial type I (membranous) and type II pneumonocytes (aka pneumocytes)
What is non-specific (non immune mediated) defense mechanisms of the respiratory system
-Mucous trapping -Mucociliary clearance -Phagocytosis -Air turbulence (coughing and sneezing)
What is specific (immune-mediated) examples of the respiratory system
-Antibody production -Antibody-mediated phagocytosis -Cell-mediated immunity
What is the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi most lined by
Pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithelium with secretory goblet cells and submucosal serous cells.
Which category is the pseudostratified columnar epithelium classified
Simple epithelia
The respiratory portion of the nasal cavity is lined by ciliated
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains what
tubulo-alveolar glands mainly serous, with lesser numbers of mucous and mixed glands.
In the nasal cavity what does the submucosa support
Submucosa supports the lamina propria
What type of cells does the olfactory epithelium contain
Olfactory cells.
Bone supported cavity within the skill divided by nasal cartilaginous septum into two halves: left and right, Each half has 3 regions- what are they
- Vestibular region 2. Respiratory region 3. Olfactory region
The vestibular region is lined by what
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
What does the external part of the nasal cavity have
cutaneous mucous membrane, haired skin and glands
What is the respiratory region in the nasal cavity lined with
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.
What is the mucociliary apparatus responsible for?
Clearance
What is the following image lined with and what is this combination of cells known as?
Pseudostratifed Columnar Ciliated Epithelium and this combo is called the Mucociliary apparatus.
What are the red arrows pointing to
Goblet cells- this is showing cilia and goblet cells SEM
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity.
What region is this image showing in the nasal cavity? What is this region lined by?
Vestibular region of the nasal cavity and it is lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
What region of the nasal cavity is this image showing? What is this region lined with?
Respiratory region
Lined with pesudostratifed columnar ciliated epithelium.
What do goblet cells produce?
Mucinogen granules
what does the movement of cilia remove?
muscus w/ trapped airborne inhaled particles such as dust and microorganisms
What does the goblet cells and the cilia constitute in the the upper respiratory passages?
A cleaning apparatus
How do goblet cells vary based off their reaction to injury?
They will be increased in numbers (Hyperplasia) in smokers
Metaplasia which is a change from ciliated stratified epitheulium to squamous stratified epithelium
What is immotile cilia syndrome ?
Dysfunction- dynein claw is missing
What is the olfactory region lined with ?
Olfactory epitheulium- much thicker than respiratory epithelium and lacks goblet cells.
what regoin of the nasal cavity is the image showing?
Olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
Which is respiratory epithelium which is olfactory epithelium?
Left = respiratory
Right = Olfactory epithelium (thicker and no goblet cells)
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
The dorasl part of the nasal cavity
What cells are in the olfactory epithelium?
Oflactory neurons- smell
Supporting (sustentacular cells)
Basal cells- stem cells for others
In the olfactory epitheulium the lamina propria contains what?
Serous olfactory glands and non-myelinated axons of olfactory neurons from nerve bundles Cr. N. 1
Both the olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in what?
Venous plexus aka Swell bodies - distended with blood.
What are the arrows pointed too and what regions are they found in? What is in them?
Swell bodies = venous plexuses
Both olfactory and respiratory regions
distended with blood.
Label A, B and G
A= axons of olfactory neurons
B = basal cells
G = serous olfactory gland
List some nasal cavity cells and structures
- Ciliated columnar epithelial cells
- Goblet cells- secrete mucus
- Basal cells -stem cells for other types
Neuroendocrine cells
Brush cells - microvilli
Olfactory epithelium
What organ is the following image showing?
What is it mainly used for?
Vomero-nasal organ
Mainly used to detect pheromones
What does the larynx include and what is it lined with?
Includes cartilage, vocal folds and skeletal muscle
Initial part of the larynx is lined by stratified squamous epithelium
After the vocal chords the lining changes to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What is the trachea lined by?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is this?
Trachea
What animal has complete rings of the cartilage in the trachea
Birds
What is the purpose of rings of cartilage in the trachea?
Support the tracheal wall.
What completes the wall of the trachea
A CT adventitia
What is 1 and 2
1= hyaline cartilage
2= Esophagus
What is the right arrow pointing to?
the left?
Right = pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Left = Hyaline cartilage of trachea
What are the two top arrows pointing to?
The bottom one?
Top Left = cilia
Top Right= goblet cell
Bottom = basal cells
What does the trachea bifurcate into ?
The trachea bifurcates into the bronchi- which enter the lung and branch extensively.
Bronchi are lined by what?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the green arrow pointing to?
What is the circled area?
Arrow = plates of hyaline cartilage
Circle = CT containing mixed bronchial glands
What does mixed seroumucous glands secrete? (bronchus slides)
Mucin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme (bacteriostatic/cidal)
What is the arrow pointing to?
What is this a image of?
Arrow = cartilage
whole slide = Lung
Identify the location in the respiratory tract
Nasal Cavity
What do bronchioles lack?
Cartilage and glands
What are bronchioles subdivided into
Terminal branches and respiratory bronchioles
The following image is a terminal bronchiole
- what is lined by
- what is still present in terminal bronchioles
- Lined by ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells
- A muscularis mucosae is still present in terminal bronchioles
- What is the following image of?
- Where are these cells located?
- What is the main function of these cells
- Club (Clara) cells
- Located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
- soure of surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining patency of airways.
What are the arrows pointing to?
Club (Clara) cells
What are the arrows pointing to?
Ciliated cells in the bronchiolar lumen
What is the arrow pointing to
Club (clara) cells
What is the function of the respiratory bronchiole
Conduction and gas exchange
- Respiratory bronchioles are lined by what?
- What is incomplete?
- Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into what ducts?
- Lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium (arrow)
- Have incompelete muscularis mucosae
- subdivide into alveolar ducts
What do alveolar ducts empty into?
empty into alveolar sacs and alveoli.
The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with what
lined with simple squamous epithelial cells.
The presence of what muscle gives the lip of the alveolus a knob-like appearance on sections
the presense of smooth muscle.
Alveolar ducts branch into alveolar sacs which lack what?
Smooth muscle.
Pneuomcyte type I is also known as what?
Squamous alveolar type 1 cell.
Pneumocyte Type II is also known as
Granular alveolar type II cells.
What is the arrow pointing to?
Pneumocyte type II, granular pneumocyte, aka great alveolar cells. Lamellar granules contain recently synthesized SURFACTANT
What is the blood- air barrier composed of?
- the vascular endothelium
- Basement membrane of the endothelial cell
- Basement membrane of the type I pneumocyte
- Cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte
What is the air-blood barrier pathway?
Oxygen in alveolar air -> Surfactant cytoplasm of type I alveolar cell -> Basal lamina of type I cell & basal lamina of endothelial cell -> Cytoplasm of endothelial cell -> Capillary RBCs
The lungs are covered by what (arrow)
Covered by the visceral pleural composed of connective tissue and lined by simple squamous epithelium.
The thoracic wall, diaphragm and mediastinum are lined by what?
The parietal pleura which is continuous with the mediastinal visceral pleura covering the entire surfaces of the lungs.
