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RUSVM Micro I section 4 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

Air conduction/gas exchange, Phonation, Olfaction, Heat regulation, temp and moisture, protection, acid-based regulation, hormone conversion.

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2
Q

Functionally the structures within the respiratory system can be subdivided into:

A
  1. Conductive system 2. Transitional system 3. Gas exchange
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3
Q

What is the conductive system composed of

A

Composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

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4
Q

What is the transitional system composed of

A

Terminal Bronchioles

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5
Q

What is the gas exchange system composed of

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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6
Q

In the transitional system the terminal bronchioles are lined by what?

A
  • “Club cells” (Clara cells) - non-ciliated secretory cells - only a few ciliated cells - healthy bronchioles DO NOT have goblet cells.
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7
Q

What are the alveoli lined by?

A

Epithelial type I (membranous) and type II pneumonocytes (aka pneumocytes)

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8
Q

What is non-specific (non immune mediated) defense mechanisms of the respiratory system

A

-Mucous trapping -Mucociliary clearance -Phagocytosis -Air turbulence (coughing and sneezing)

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9
Q

What is specific (immune-mediated) examples of the respiratory system

A

-Antibody production -Antibody-mediated phagocytosis -Cell-mediated immunity

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10
Q

What is the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi most lined by

A

Pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithelium with secretory goblet cells and submucosal serous cells.

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11
Q

Which category is the pseudostratified columnar epithelium classified

A

Simple epithelia

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12
Q

The respiratory portion of the nasal cavity is lined by ciliated

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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13
Q

The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains what

A

tubulo-alveolar glands mainly serous, with lesser numbers of mucous and mixed glands.

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14
Q

In the nasal cavity what does the submucosa support

A

Submucosa supports the lamina propria

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15
Q

What type of cells does the olfactory epithelium contain

A

Olfactory cells.

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16
Q

Bone supported cavity within the skill divided by nasal cartilaginous septum into two halves: left and right, Each half has 3 regions- what are they

A
  1. Vestibular region 2. Respiratory region 3. Olfactory region
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17
Q

The vestibular region is lined by what

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.

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18
Q

What does the external part of the nasal cavity have

A

cutaneous mucous membrane, haired skin and glands

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19
Q

What is the respiratory region in the nasal cavity lined with

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.

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20
Q

What is the mucociliary apparatus responsible for?

A

Clearance

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21
Q

What is the following image lined with and what is this combination of cells known as?

A

Pseudostratifed Columnar Ciliated Epithelium and this combo is called the Mucociliary apparatus.

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22
Q

What are the red arrows pointing to

A

Goblet cells- this is showing cilia and goblet cells SEM

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity.

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23
Q

What region is this image showing in the nasal cavity? What is this region lined by?

A

Vestibular region of the nasal cavity and it is lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.

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24
Q

What region of the nasal cavity is this image showing? What is this region lined with?

A

Respiratory region

Lined with pesudostratifed columnar ciliated epithelium.

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25
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Mucinogen granules

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26
Q

what does the movement of cilia remove?

A

muscus w/ trapped airborne inhaled particles such as dust and microorganisms

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27
Q

What does the goblet cells and the cilia constitute in the the upper respiratory passages?

A

A cleaning apparatus

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28
Q

How do goblet cells vary based off their reaction to injury?

A

They will be increased in numbers (Hyperplasia) in smokers

Metaplasia which is a change from ciliated stratified epitheulium to squamous stratified epithelium

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29
Q

What is immotile cilia syndrome ?

A

Dysfunction- dynein claw is missing

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30
Q

What is the olfactory region lined with ?

A

Olfactory epitheulium- much thicker than respiratory epithelium and lacks goblet cells.

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31
Q

what regoin of the nasal cavity is the image showing?

A

Olfactory region of the nasal cavity.

32
Q

Which is respiratory epithelium which is olfactory epithelium?

A

Left = respiratory

Right = Olfactory epithelium (thicker and no goblet cells)

33
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

The dorasl part of the nasal cavity

34
Q

What cells are in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Oflactory neurons- smell

Supporting (sustentacular cells)

Basal cells- stem cells for others

35
Q

In the olfactory epitheulium the lamina propria contains what?

A

Serous olfactory glands and non-myelinated axons of olfactory neurons from nerve bundles Cr. N. 1

36
Q

Both the olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in what?

A

Venous plexus aka Swell bodies - distended with blood.

37
Q

What are the arrows pointed too and what regions are they found in? What is in them?

A

Swell bodies = venous plexuses

Both olfactory and respiratory regions

distended with blood.

38
Q

Label A, B and G

A

A= axons of olfactory neurons

B = basal cells

G = serous olfactory gland

39
Q

List some nasal cavity cells and structures

A
  • Ciliated columnar epithelial cells
  • Goblet cells- secrete mucus
  • Basal cells -stem cells for other types

Neuroendocrine cells

Brush cells - microvilli

Olfactory epithelium

40
Q

What organ is the following image showing?

What is it mainly used for?

A

Vomero-nasal organ

Mainly used to detect pheromones

41
Q

What does the larynx include and what is it lined with?

A

Includes cartilage, vocal folds and skeletal muscle

Initial part of the larynx is lined by stratified squamous epithelium

After the vocal chords the lining changes to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

42
Q

What is the trachea lined by?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

43
Q

What is this?

A

Trachea

44
Q

What animal has complete rings of the cartilage in the trachea

A

Birds

45
Q

What is the purpose of rings of cartilage in the trachea?

A

Support the tracheal wall.

46
Q

What completes the wall of the trachea

A

A CT adventitia

47
Q

What is 1 and 2

A

1= hyaline cartilage

2= Esophagus

48
Q

What is the right arrow pointing to?

the left?

A

Right = pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Left = Hyaline cartilage of trachea

49
Q

What are the two top arrows pointing to?

The bottom one?

A

Top Left = cilia

Top Right= goblet cell

Bottom = basal cells

50
Q

What does the trachea bifurcate into ?

A

The trachea bifurcates into the bronchi- which enter the lung and branch extensively.

51
Q

Bronchi are lined by what?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

52
Q

What is the green arrow pointing to?

What is the circled area?

A

Arrow = plates of hyaline cartilage

Circle = CT containing mixed bronchial glands

53
Q

What does mixed seroumucous glands secrete? (bronchus slides)

A

Mucin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme (bacteriostatic/cidal)

54
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

What is this a image of?

A

Arrow = cartilage

whole slide = Lung

55
Q

Identify the location in the respiratory tract

A

Nasal Cavity

56
Q

What do bronchioles lack?

A

Cartilage and glands

57
Q

What are bronchioles subdivided into

A

Terminal branches and respiratory bronchioles

58
Q

The following image is a terminal bronchiole

  1. what is lined by
  2. what is still present in terminal bronchioles
A
  1. Lined by ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells
  2. A muscularis mucosae is still present in terminal bronchioles
59
Q
  1. What is the following image of?
  2. Where are these cells located?
  3. What is the main function of these cells
A
  1. Club (Clara) cells
  2. Located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
  3. soure of surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining patency of airways.
60
Q

What are the arrows pointing to?

A

Club (Clara) cells

61
Q

What are the arrows pointing to?

A

Ciliated cells in the bronchiolar lumen

62
Q

What is the arrow pointing to

A

Club (clara) cells

63
Q

What is the function of the respiratory bronchiole

A

Conduction and gas exchange

64
Q
  1. Respiratory bronchioles are lined by what?
  2. What is incomplete?
  3. Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into what ducts?
A
  1. Lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium (arrow)
  2. Have incompelete muscularis mucosae
  3. subdivide into alveolar ducts
65
Q

What do alveolar ducts empty into?

A

empty into alveolar sacs and alveoli.

66
Q

The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with what

A

lined with simple squamous epithelial cells.

67
Q

The presence of what muscle gives the lip of the alveolus a knob-like appearance on sections

A

the presense of smooth muscle.

68
Q

Alveolar ducts branch into alveolar sacs which lack what?

A

Smooth muscle.

69
Q

Pneuomcyte type I is also known as what?

A

Squamous alveolar type 1 cell.

70
Q

Pneumocyte Type II is also known as

A

Granular alveolar type II cells.

71
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Pneumocyte type II, granular pneumocyte, aka great alveolar cells. Lamellar granules contain recently synthesized SURFACTANT

72
Q

What is the blood- air barrier composed of?

A
  1. the vascular endothelium
  2. Basement membrane of the endothelial cell
  3. Basement membrane of the type I pneumocyte
  4. Cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte
73
Q

What is the air-blood barrier pathway?

A

Oxygen in alveolar air -> Surfactant cytoplasm of type I alveolar cell -> Basal lamina of type I cell & basal lamina of endothelial cell -> Cytoplasm of endothelial cell -> Capillary RBCs

74
Q

The lungs are covered by what (arrow)

A

Covered by the visceral pleural composed of connective tissue and lined by simple squamous epithelium.

75
Q

The thoracic wall, diaphragm and mediastinum are lined by what?

A

The parietal pleura which is continuous with the mediastinal visceral pleura covering the entire surfaces of the lungs.

RUSVM Micro I section 4 (3 decks)

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