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Anatomy Test 2 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Hila/lung roots

A

Complicated structures consisting of bronchi and pulmonary arteries and veins

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2
Q

hilum of lungs

A
  • Location where bronchioles enter the lungs
  • the large triangular depression where the connection between the parietal pleura (covering the rib cage) and the visceral pleura (covering the lung) is made
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3
Q

root of lung

A

Enters at hilum. Where structures enter and leave the lung

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4
Q

Conducting portion

A

Structure: varying levels of wall thickness.
Location: portions inside (bronchi, bronchioles, terminal broncioles) and outside (nasal cavity to extrapulmonary bronchi) lung. Terminal bronchiole marks end of conducting zone.
Function: conduct and condition (filter, heat, humidify)

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5
Q

Respiratory portion

A

structure: thin walled for efficient gas exchange
location: only in lungs. Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts and sacs.
function: gas exchange

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6
Q

Bronchial circulation

A
  • nutrient arteries
  • bronchial arteries are branches of aorta
  • provide nourishment for CT, walls of bronchi and brionchioles and pleura
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7
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A
  • carry deoxygenated blood from right side of heart

- travel with branches of bronchi and bronchioles down to capillary level

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8
Q

Pulmonary veins

A
  • oxygenated blood carried from capillary level to venules to four veins that go to left atrium
  • do NOT run with pulmonary artery
  • located in CT segments of lung
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9
Q

Pulmonary capillary bed

A
  • largest capillary bed in body

- strictly continuous capillaries (tight junctions only)

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10
Q

Respiratory cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • C-shaped rings in trachea (open on posterior surface)
  • plates in bronchi become progressively smaller down the respiratory system.
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11
Q

Respiratory smooth muscle

A

regulates diameter of airway

-gone at level of alveolar duct

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12
Q

Collagen and elastic fibers in respiratory system

A
  • together form network that allow expansion/recoil of lung

- extracellular proteins secreted by fibroblasts that play a major role in lung physiology

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13
Q

Emphysema

A
  • enlargement of airspace distal to terminal bronciole and destruction of walls without fibrosis (lowers surface area)
  • COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
  • enzymatic degredation of elastin
  • caused mostly by cigarette smoking
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14
Q

pleura (serous membrane)

A

mesothelium and CT underlay

two major types:

1: parietal pleura associated with walls of body cavity
2: visceral pleura which adheres to and covers surface of lung

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15
Q

Turbinates or Conchae

A

Structure: bony shelf like projections lined with pseudostratified epithelium; well vascularized. 3 nasal concha
Function: increase surface area and create turbulent airflow
Location:lateral walls of nasal cavities

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16
Q

Trachea layers (3)

A
  • mucosa (elastic rich lamina propria, no muscularis mucosae)
  • submucosa
  • adventitia/cartilage
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17
Q

longitudinal folds

A
  • seen in trachea and major bronchi

- formed by elastic fibers

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18
Q

5 types tracheal epithelium

A

ciliated cells (most common), mucous cells, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells

19
Q

Ciliated cells (in tracheal epithelium)

A
  • maintain level of pericilary fluid (layer of water and electrolytes)
  • 250 cilia per cell that provide coordinated sweeping motion
  • forms mucocilary escalator
  • clears mucous coat
20
Q

mucous cells (in tracheal epithelium)

A
  • mucinogen granules in cytoplasm
  • mucus floats on a serous fluid (perciliary fluid)
  • cilia moves both serous and mucus toward the oral cavity
21
Q

brush cells

A
  • columnar cells with blunt microvilli
  • basal surface in synaptic contact with afferent nerve ending
  • receptor cell
22
Q

small granule cells

A

AKA enteroendocrine cells

  • contain secretory granules
  • may function in reflexes
23
Q

basal cell

A

-stem cell for individual cell replacement in epithelium

24
Q

metaplasia

A

change from one epithelium type to another in response to an irritant

25
Q

Process of metaplasia in respiratory system

A
  • pseudostratified respiratory epithelium changes to stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium
  • removal of mucous impaired
  • excessive mucous secretions in the lumen of repiratory tree
  • marked increase in size of the mucus secreting glands of the submucosa in the trachea and the large bronchi
  • must cough to clear secretions
26
Q

layers in wall of bronchus (4)

A
  • mucosa: same epithelium and cells as trachea
  • muscularis: regulates diameter of airway
  • submucosa: glands present
  • adventitia/cartilage: plates smaller with decreasing diameter
27
Q

Intrapulonary bronchus

A
  • has plates of cartilage instead of rings
  • layer of smooth muscle, the muscularis found below the mucosa layer
  • increase in elastic fibers
28
Q

bronchioles

A
  • airways 1mm or less
  • in CT of lung, so diameter increases and decreases with lung volume
  • includes terminal and respiratory bronchiles
  • pseudostratified to simple columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium
  • gradual changes
29
Q

terminal vs respiratory bronchioles

A

Terminal: non-respiratory in conducting airways, smallest most distal part of the conducting portion, epithelium has club cells and some ciliated cuboidal cells.
Respiratory: first region where gas exchange occurs, wall is interrupted with alveoli, club cells and some cilia cells (club cells dominate)

30
Q

Changes at level of bronchioles

A
  • bronchioles lack cartilage
  • bronchiole lack submucosal glands
  • thick layer of smooth muscle is present
  • simple cuboidal epithelium: ciliated cells decreasein number and club cells increase when proceeding to respiratory zone
31
Q

Club cells (Clara cells)

A

Structure: simple columnar, nonciliated, dome shaped apical aspect projects into lumen
Function: Detoxify harmful compounds in the air, secrete a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion, mitotically active stem cell
Location: bronchioles

32
Q

Alveoli

A
  • site of gas exchange
  • lined type I and II pneumocytes, occasional brush cells
  • Type I and II pneumocytes most important epithelial cells in epithelium of alveolus
33
Q

Alveolar ducts

A
  • smooth muscle disappears at the end of the duct

- elastic and collagen fibers are only support for alveoli

34
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

-spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

35
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

Structure: squamous, attenuated cells, many of the organelles are clustered around nucleus leaving cytoplasm free for gas exchange. Very thin and streched.
Function: provide barrier of minimal thickness that is optimal for gas exchange
Location: occupies 95% of the surface area of the alveolus

36
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

AKA septal cells

Structure: rounded cells, apical cytoplasm contains lamellar bodies
Location: typically found in corners and occupy 5% of the surface area
Function: 1) undergo mitosis to regenerate themselves and type I pneumocytes. 2)continuously produce surfactant to prevent collapse of alveoli

37
Q

Interalveolar septum (thin region)

A
  • wall between air sacs
  • site of air-blood barrier
  • houses capillaries that function in gas exchange
  • no CT
  • only type I pneumocyte
38
Q

Interalveolar septum (thick portion)

A

-Composed of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, capillaries, lymphatic vessels, fibroblasts, mast cells, alveolar macrophages.

39
Q

Blood-air barrier (respiratory membrane)

A

Four components: layer of surfactant, alveolar epithelium (type I pneumocyte cytoplasm), fused basement membranes of the alveolar cell and the endothelial cell, endothelial cell

-all type I and type II pneumocytes have desmosomes and occlusing junctions

40
Q

Alveolar pores

A

AKA pores of Kohn

  • Function: equalizes pressures in the alveoli, enable collateral ventilation, allow macrophage migration
  • type II pneumocytes seen at thick portions like junctions
41
Q

defense mechanisms

A
  • nose and trachea
  • mucociliary escalator (transport)
  • alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
42
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A
  • traps and removes debris, bacteria, and particles. Moves particles and toxic substances from distal to proximal
  • components: cilia, serous fluid (periciliary fluid), mucous layer (produced by mucous cells and submucousal layers), alveolar macrophages
43
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A
  • function in CT and airspaces of alveoli
  • some pass up the bronchial tree in mucus to reach the pharynx
  • some migrate to CT where they may stay with particles for the life of the individual (can cause blocked lung)

Anatomy Test 2 (6 decks)

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