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Histology Block 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately how quickly does gas exchange occur?

A

0.25 seconds

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2
Q

Chronic irritation of air passages has what effect on mucus cells?

A

Chronic irritation increases the number of mucus cells

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3
Q

Flowers are to stem as alveoli are to _______?

A

Alveolar ducts

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4
Q

From the alveolar side, what are the four layers gas must go through to ge into the blood stream?

A

1) thin layer of surfactant, 2)flattened cytoplasm of type I alveolar cell, 3) type I cell basement membrane fused with basement membrane of endothelial cell, 4) flattened cytoplasm of capillary endothelial cell

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5
Q

How is particle elimination functionally accomplished in the nasal cavity?

A

The irregular surface created by the nasal turbinates causes Eddy currents, which cause particles to be trapped in the mucus of the respiratory eipthelium; the mucociliary escalator removes mucous, which is swallowed

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6
Q

How long does it take the entire blood volume to pass through the lungs?

A

1 minute

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7
Q

True or False: There are more Goblet cells in terminal bronchioles than in primary bronchi.

A

False- there are no goblet cells in terminal bronchioles

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8
Q

What alveolar cell type is more numerous?

A

Type II alveolar cells

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9
Q

What are Clara cells? In what portion of the respiratory tree do they appear?

A

Large, dome-shaped, non-ciliated cells that secrete surfactant and express Cl- pumps; terminal bronchioles

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10
Q

What are the four layers of the trachea?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, cartilagenous layer, and adventitia

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11
Q

What are the functions of the conducting segment of the respiratory system?

A

Transportation of air to the respiratory segment, filtering particulate matter from air, moistening air to 100% humidity, and warming air to body temperature

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12
Q

What are the two pairs of mucosal folds that project into the lumen of the larynx? Which is more superior?

A

Ventricular folds (superior) and vocal folds

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13
Q

What are the two types of bronchi?

A

Extrapulmonary bronchi and intrapulmonary bronchi

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14
Q

What cells form the alveolar septum?

A

Type I and II alveolar cells, fibroblasts, and capillary endothelial cells

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15
Q

What changes occur as bronchi get smaller?

A

Smaller and fewer cartilagenous plates, simple ciliated columnar epithelium, large increase in smooth muscle, and loss of submucosal glands

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16
Q

What do type I alveolar cells look like?

A

Large, highly flattened sqamous cell

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17
Q

What five cell types can be found in the respiratory epithelium?

A

Cilitated columnar cells, goblet cells, basal cells, brush cells, and small granule cells

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18
Q

What four cell types are found in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Bipolar olfactory cells, sustentacular cells, basal cells, brush cells

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19
Q

What is a foreign body giant cell?

A

Several macrophages that fuse together to encapsulate large particles

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20
Q

What is an alveolar sac?

A

A termination of alveolar duct that serves as the common opening to several alveoli

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21
Q

What is the approximate total surface area of the lungs?

A

80 sq. m

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22
Q

What is the fuction of brush cells in the respiratory epithelium? Basal cells?

A

Brush cells are sensory cells and basal cells are stem cells

23
Q

What is the function of Bowman’s gland in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Secretion of thick mucous

24
Q

What is the function of ciliated cells in respiratory epithelium?

A

Mucociliary escalator

25
Q

What is the function of small granule cells in the respiratory epithelium?

A

Secretion of hormones that regulate vascular and airway diameter

26
Q

What is the function of the respiratory segment of the respiratory tree?

A

Gaseous CO2 and O2 exchange

27
Q

What is the most numerous cell type in the respiratory epithelium?

A

Ciliated cells

28
Q

What is the site of the blood-air barrier and gas exchange?

A

Alveolar septum

29
Q

What kind of cartilage makes up the trachea rings? What muscle spans the gap?

A

Hyaline cartilage; trachealis muscle

30
Q

What kind of cell functions as the receptor in olfactory epithelium?

A

Bipolar neurons

31
Q

What kind of epithelium covers the laryngeal folds?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

32
Q

What kind of epithelium is found at the vestible of the nasal cavity?

A

Stratified squamous

33
Q

What kind of epithelium is found lining smaller bronchioles?

A

Simple ciliated columnar

34
Q

What kind of epithelium is olfactory epithelium?

A

Non-motile ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

35
Q

What kind of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

36
Q

What kind of epithelum covers the trachea just inferior to the larngeal folds? What is the name of this transition from normal tissue type to normal tissue type called?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium; metaplastic change

37
Q

What laryngeal folds contain the vocalis muscle?

A

Vocal folds

38
Q

What layers compose the mucosa of the trachea?

A

Respiratory epithelium and lamina propria

39
Q

What makes an airway a bronchiole?

A

An airway 1mm diameter and less

40
Q

What percent of the lung volume is composed of solid tissue?

A

10%

41
Q

What respiratory tract structures are involved in particle elimination?

A

Hairs in the vestibule, lateral turbinate bones, and mucus coating of respiratory epithelium

42
Q

What sort of epithelium is found in terminal bronchioles?

A

Ciliated low columnar or cuboidal

43
Q

What structures are found at the connection of cilia to the apical surface of ciliated cells?

A

Basal bodies

44
Q

What structures found on bronchi are absent in bronchioles?

A

Cartilagenous plates and submucosal glands

45
Q

What type of alveolar cell lines most of the surface of alveoli?

A

Type I alveolar cells

46
Q

What type of alveolar cell secretes surfactant and serves as an alveolar stem cell?

A

Type II alveolar cells

47
Q

What type of bronchi has cartilagenous plates?

A

Intapulmonary bronchi

48
Q

What type of bronchi has thicker basal lamina?

A

Extrapulmonary bronchi

49
Q

Where does the conductive portion of the respiratory tree end?

A

Terminal bronchioles

50
Q

Where is the transition zone between air conduction and gas exchange?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

51
Q

Where within the alveoli septum are type II alveolar cells found?

A

Septal junctions

52
Q

Which primary bronchus is more vertical?

A

The right primary bronchus

53
Q

Why is air moistened to 100% humidity?

A

Inspired air must be 100% humidity or it will pull moisture out of the lungs

Histology Block 2 (3 decks)

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