Respiratory System Flashcards
Approximately how quickly does gas exchange occur?
0.25 seconds
Chronic irritation of air passages has what effect on mucus cells?
Chronic irritation increases the number of mucus cells
Flowers are to stem as alveoli are to _______?
Alveolar ducts
From the alveolar side, what are the four layers gas must go through to ge into the blood stream?
1) thin layer of surfactant, 2)flattened cytoplasm of type I alveolar cell, 3) type I cell basement membrane fused with basement membrane of endothelial cell, 4) flattened cytoplasm of capillary endothelial cell
How is particle elimination functionally accomplished in the nasal cavity?
The irregular surface created by the nasal turbinates causes Eddy currents, which cause particles to be trapped in the mucus of the respiratory eipthelium; the mucociliary escalator removes mucous, which is swallowed
How long does it take the entire blood volume to pass through the lungs?
1 minute
True or False: There are more Goblet cells in terminal bronchioles than in primary bronchi.
False- there are no goblet cells in terminal bronchioles
What alveolar cell type is more numerous?
Type II alveolar cells
What are Clara cells? In what portion of the respiratory tree do they appear?
Large, dome-shaped, non-ciliated cells that secrete surfactant and express Cl- pumps; terminal bronchioles
What are the four layers of the trachea?
Mucosa, Submucosa, cartilagenous layer, and adventitia
What are the functions of the conducting segment of the respiratory system?
Transportation of air to the respiratory segment, filtering particulate matter from air, moistening air to 100% humidity, and warming air to body temperature
What are the two pairs of mucosal folds that project into the lumen of the larynx? Which is more superior?
Ventricular folds (superior) and vocal folds
What are the two types of bronchi?
Extrapulmonary bronchi and intrapulmonary bronchi
What cells form the alveolar septum?
Type I and II alveolar cells, fibroblasts, and capillary endothelial cells
What changes occur as bronchi get smaller?
Smaller and fewer cartilagenous plates, simple ciliated columnar epithelium, large increase in smooth muscle, and loss of submucosal glands
What do type I alveolar cells look like?
Large, highly flattened sqamous cell
What five cell types can be found in the respiratory epithelium?
Cilitated columnar cells, goblet cells, basal cells, brush cells, and small granule cells
What four cell types are found in the olfactory epithelium?
Bipolar olfactory cells, sustentacular cells, basal cells, brush cells
What is a foreign body giant cell?
Several macrophages that fuse together to encapsulate large particles
What is an alveolar sac?
A termination of alveolar duct that serves as the common opening to several alveoli
What is the approximate total surface area of the lungs?
80 sq. m
What is the fuction of brush cells in the respiratory epithelium? Basal cells?
Brush cells are sensory cells and basal cells are stem cells
What is the function of Bowman’s gland in the olfactory epithelium?
Secretion of thick mucous
What is the function of ciliated cells in respiratory epithelium?
Mucociliary escalator
What is the function of small granule cells in the respiratory epithelium?
Secretion of hormones that regulate vascular and airway diameter
What is the function of the respiratory segment of the respiratory tree?
Gaseous CO2 and O2 exchange
What is the most numerous cell type in the respiratory epithelium?
Ciliated cells
What is the site of the blood-air barrier and gas exchange?
Alveolar septum
What kind of cartilage makes up the trachea rings? What muscle spans the gap?
Hyaline cartilage; trachealis muscle
What kind of cell functions as the receptor in olfactory epithelium?
Bipolar neurons
What kind of epithelium covers the laryngeal folds?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What kind of epithelium is found at the vestible of the nasal cavity?
Stratified squamous
What kind of epithelium is found lining smaller bronchioles?
Simple ciliated columnar
What kind of epithelium is olfactory epithelium?
Non-motile ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What kind of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What kind of epithelum covers the trachea just inferior to the larngeal folds? What is the name of this transition from normal tissue type to normal tissue type called?
Stratified columnar epithelium; metaplastic change
What laryngeal folds contain the vocalis muscle?
Vocal folds
What layers compose the mucosa of the trachea?
Respiratory epithelium and lamina propria
What makes an airway a bronchiole?
An airway 1mm diameter and less
What percent of the lung volume is composed of solid tissue?
10%
What respiratory tract structures are involved in particle elimination?
Hairs in the vestibule, lateral turbinate bones, and mucus coating of respiratory epithelium
What sort of epithelium is found in terminal bronchioles?
Ciliated low columnar or cuboidal
What structures are found at the connection of cilia to the apical surface of ciliated cells?
Basal bodies
What structures found on bronchi are absent in bronchioles?
Cartilagenous plates and submucosal glands
What type of alveolar cell lines most of the surface of alveoli?
Type I alveolar cells
What type of alveolar cell secretes surfactant and serves as an alveolar stem cell?
Type II alveolar cells
What type of bronchi has cartilagenous plates?
Intapulmonary bronchi
What type of bronchi has thicker basal lamina?
Extrapulmonary bronchi
Where does the conductive portion of the respiratory tree end?
Terminal bronchioles
Where is the transition zone between air conduction and gas exchange?
Respiratory bronchioles
Where within the alveoli septum are type II alveolar cells found?
Septal junctions
Which primary bronchus is more vertical?
The right primary bronchus
Why is air moistened to 100% humidity?
Inspired air must be 100% humidity or it will pull moisture out of the lungs
