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Sys Path > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common inherited genetic disease in white people?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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2
Q

What is the etiology of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • autosomal recessive

- spontaneous mutation

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3
Q

Which chromosome carries the defect for cystic fibrosis?

A

Chromosome 7

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4
Q

What happens in cystic fibrosis?

A

the defective gene allows chloride to pass in and out of the plasma membrane of epithelial cells (kidney, gut, airways). salt accumulates in the cells lining the lungs and digestive tissues making mucus abnormally thick and sticky.
-leads to: - dehydrated and increased viscosity of mucous gland secretion. - elevation of sweat electrolytes (NaCl). - pancreatic enzyme insufficiency.

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5
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • variable
  • access to healthcare decreases severity
  • abnormally high sodium and chloride concentration in sweat
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6
Q

What are the pancreatic symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • thick secretions block pancreatic ducts
  • eventual fibrosis
  • prevents pancreatic enzymes from reaching duodenum leading to impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients. (lower intake of nutrients)
  • bulky, frothy, malodorus stool
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7
Q

What percentage of people with CF will have pancreatic symptoms?

A

80-90%

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8
Q

What is Meconium ileus?

A

baby’s first poo

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9
Q

What does meconium ileus have to do with CF?

A

it is a GI symptom and is extra thick that they can’t get out

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10
Q

What are the GI symptom of CF?

A
  • prolapse of the rectum
  • intestinal obstruction from thick, dry stool
  • poor nutrition
  • weight loss
  • growth retardation
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11
Q

What are the pulmonary symptoms of CF?

A
  • chronic cough
  • purulent sputum (causes chronic infections)
  • mucus is an excellent medium for bacterial growth
  • hypoxia
  • clubbing
  • cyanosis
  • chronic pulmonary infection
  • barrel chest
  • pectus carinatum
  • kyphosis
  • respiratory failure
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12
Q

What is universal in all men with CF?

A

they are infertile. also common in women

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13
Q

What are the musculoskeletal symptoms of CF?

A
  • mm pain

- decreased bone density

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14
Q

How is CF diagnosed?

A
  • genetic testing
  • clinical presentation
  • sweat test
  • pancreatic enzyme tests
  • pulmonary function test
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15
Q

What is the tx for CF?

A
  • variable depending on systems involved
  • antibiotics
  • meds
  • chest physio
  • adequate nutrition
  • supplementation
  • lung transplant
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16
Q

Will CF progress to a new lung if a lung transplant occurs?

A

yes

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17
Q

What is the prognosis for CF?

A
  • improving

- median survival rate = 37 yrs old

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18
Q

What is a bronchogenic cyst?

A
  • a rare birth condition
  • a cyst in the middle of the chest near the carina
  • can be asymptomatic
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19
Q

Describe the bronchogenic cyst

A
  • extrapulmonary

- fluid filled mass lined with respiratory epithelium and limited by walls that contain mm and cartilage.

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20
Q

Where is the most common location for a bronchogenic cyst?

A

middle of the mediastinum

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21
Q

What does a bronchogenic cyst do in a newborn?

A

compresses a major artery and cause respiratory distress

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22
Q

What is an extralobar sequestration?

A

-a chunk of lung tissue not connected to bronchial tree

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23
Q

Is an extralobar sequestration congenital or acquired?

A

congential

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24
Q

Where is the extralobar sequestration located?

A

outside the visceral pleura

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25
Q

What is the difference between extralobar sequestration and intralobar sequestration?

A

intralobar is w/in the visceral pleura and extralobar is outside the visceral pleura

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26
Q

How does extralobar sequestration manifest?

A

dyspnea and cyanosis in newborns. recurrent bronchopulmonary infection in older children

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27
Q

Where is intralobar sequestration usually located?

A

in the lower lobe

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28
Q

What does intralobar sequestration present with?

A

chronic reccurent pneumonia, end-stage fibrosis and honeycomb cystic changes.

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29
Q

what is the common cold also known as?

A

infectious rhinitis

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30
Q

Is the common cold viral or bacterial?

A

viral

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31
Q

What is the most common cause of common cold?

A

rhinovirus

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32
Q

Which viruses cause the common cold?

A
  • rhinovirus
  • coronavirus
  • adenovirus
  • parainfluenza virus
  • other
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33
Q

What does coryza mean?

A

cold-like symptoms

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34
Q

If influenza viral or bacterial?

A

viral

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35
Q

What causes influenza?

A

influenza virus - many strains

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36
Q

What are the risk factors for influenza?

A
  • children
  • elderly
  • chronic disease
  • pregnancy
  • other disorders
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37
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

lining in the eye - pink eye

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38
Q

What are some complications of influenza?

A
  • pneumonia
  • encephalitis
  • myocarditis
  • renal disease
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39
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

-inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

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40
Q

How do you classify sinusitis?

A

acute, subacute, recurent, and chronic

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41
Q

What is the etiology of sinusitis?

A

viral, bacterial, fungal infection

-recurrent allergies

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42
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of sinusitis?

A
  • purulent rhinorrhea
  • pressure and pain
  • nasal congestion and irritation
  • tenderness, swelling, erythema
  • toothache
  • headache
  • cough
  • tearing
  • malaise
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43
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

inflammation of trachea and bronchi

-short duration, self limiting with few pulmonary signs

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44
Q

What can cause acute bronchitis?

A
  • chemical irritation (ie. smoke, fumes, gas)
  • viral infections (ie. influenza, measles, chickenpox, whooping cough)
  • bacterial infection
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45
Q

What is a complication of acute bronchitis?

A

pneumonia

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46
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

inflammation of the lungs

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47
Q

What causes pneumonia?

A

infection, inhalation, aspiration, and non-infectious agents

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48
Q

What are the classifications of pneumonia?

A
  • community acquired - Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenze
  • Hospital acquired - staphylococcus aureus
  • immunocompromised people
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49
Q

What are upper respiratory flora?

A

bacteria that live in your body

-streptococcus, staphylococcus, haemophilus

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50
Q

What are the pathogens that cause pneumonia?

A
  • upper respiratory flora
  • enteric saprophytes
  • extraneous pathogens
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51
Q

What are the listed pathogens that cause pneumonia?

A
  • E. coli
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • streptococcus
  • staphylococcus
  • haemophilus
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52
Q

What are the classifications of pneumonia?

A
  • alveolar pneumonia - involves alveoli; focal or diffuse
  • interstitial - involves septa; usually diffuse and bilateral
  • bronchopneumonia - limited to segmental bronchi
  • lobar pneumonia - widespread or diffuse
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53
Q

Is alveolar pneumonia bacterial or viral?

A

bacterial

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54
Q

Is interstitial pneumonia bacterial or viral?

A

mycoplasma or virus

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55
Q

What are the routes of infection for pneumonia?

A
  • inhalation
  • aspiration of infected secretion from URT ie. staph or strep
  • aspiration of infected particles from GI, food or drinks, etc
  • hematogenous spread - from sepsis (high bacterial load)
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56
Q

What is the pathogensis for pneumonia?

A
  • invading microorganisms cause alveolar macrophages to release biochemical mediators
  • inflam response does not eliminate pathogen
  • microorganisms multiply and release damaging toxins
  • inflam and immune respons damages parenchyma
  • may lead to scarring and loss of function
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57
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of pneumonia?

A
  • may look like a URI
  • sudden, sharp or sticking pleuritic chest pain
  • hacking, productive cough
  • rust or green-colored sputum (bacterial infection)
  • fluid w/in lungs
  • dyspnea
  • tachypnea
  • cyanosis
  • headache
  • fatigue
  • fever
  • chills
  • aching
  • myalgia
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58
Q

What are some complications of pneumonia?

A
  • pleuritis
  • abscesses
  • chronic lung disease
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59
Q

What is pneumocysitis carinii pneumonia (PCP)?

A

-a progressive, often fatal pneumonia

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60
Q

What is the etiology of PCP?

A
  • idiopathic
  • possibly environment
  • infected humans, animals, fungi, protozoa
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61
Q

What are the risk factors for PCP?

A
  • immunosuppression
  • chemotherapy
  • transplantation
  • malnutrition
62
Q

What is a lung abscess?

A

Localized accumulation of purulent exudate within the lung

63
Q

How does a lung abscess develop?

A

Usually develops as a complication of pneumonia

64
Q

What is the etiology of a lung abscess?

A

Aspiration of oral secretions by patients with gingivitis or poor oral hygiene

65
Q

What are the most common pathogens of a lung abscess?

A
  • Streptococci and staphylococci

- Mycobacteria or fungi

66
Q

Pathogenesis of a lung abscess?

A
  • Pathogens first causes inflammation, which leads to tissue necrosis and then abscess formation.
  • The abscess usually ruptures into a bronchus and leaves an air and fluid filled cavity
67
Q

Clinical manifestations of lung abscess?

A
  • Productive cough
  • Foul-smelling sputum
  • Persistent fever
  • Chills
  • Dyspnea
  • Chest pain
  • Cyanosis
  • Clubbing
  • Hemoptysis
68
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic airflow limitation that is not fully reversible

69
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis?

A

A productive cough lasting for at least 3 months per year for two consecutive years.

70
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

Destruction of lung parenchyma and pathological accumulation of air in the lungs

71
Q

Pathogenesis of Chronic Bronchitis?

A
  • Inflammation and scarring of bronchial lining leads to obstruction of airflow and increased mucous production
  • Irritants cause an increase in size and number of mucous producing glands and hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells
  • Leads to obstruction of airways
  • Impaired ciliary function predisposed to infection
  • Infection results in increased mucous production, bronchial inflammation and thickening
72
Q

Clinical manifestation of Chronic Bronchitis?

A
  • Productive cough
  • Sputum production
  • SOB
  • Recurrent infection
  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Cyanosis
73
Q

What are blebs and bullae?

A

Pockets of air caused by emphysema

74
Q

Pathogenesis of emphysema?

A
  • Destruction of elastin protein in the lung leads to permanent enlargement of acini
  • Loss of elasticity causes narrowing or collapse of bronchioles which traps air in lungs
  • Leads to breathing difficulties
  • Hypoxemia and hypercapnia
75
Q

Clinical manifestations of emphysema?

A
  • Marked exertional dyspnea
  • Dyspnea at rest
  • Thin, barrel chest, hypertrophy of accessory muscles of respiration
  • Tachypnea
  • Anxiety
  • Wheezing
  • Cough
76
Q

What is the prognosis for emphysema?

A
  • Poor

- Mortality rate 10 years after diagnosis is greater than 50%

77
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A

Progressive form of obstructive lung disease characterized by irreversible destruction and dilation of airways

78
Q

What type of infections is Bronchiectasis associated with?

A

Bacterial

79
Q

What causes Bronchiectasis?

A
  • Any condition that produces a narrowed lumen of the bronchioles
  • TB, viral infections, pneumonia
  • Immunodeficiencies
  • CF
80
Q

What can Bronchiectasis lead to?

A

Fibrosis and emphysema

81
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of Bronchiectasis?

A
  • Persistent coughing with large amounts of purulent sputum
  • Dyspnea
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Anemia
  • Fever
  • Hemoptysis
  • Weakness
  • Clubbing
  • Foul-smelling sputum
82
Q

How is Bronchiectasis treated?

A
  • Bronchodilators
  • Antibiotics
  • Corticosteroids
  • Hydration
  • Surgery
83
Q

What is Allergic Rhinitis?

A

A collection of signs and symptoms, mostly in the nose and eyes, which occur in response to breathing in allergens

84
Q

What allergens can trigger Allergic Rhinitis?

A

Dust, dander, mold, cockroaches, pollen, grass, trees

85
Q

What is Allergic Rhinitis also known as?

A

Hay fever or seasonal allergies

86
Q

What other condition does Allergic Rhinitis often coexist with?

A

Asthma

87
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Allergic Rhinitis?

A

Type 1

88
Q

Symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis?

A
  • Itching nose, mouth
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Sneezing
  • Sinus and nasal obstruction
  • Coughing, wheezing
89
Q

How is Allergic Rhinitis treated?

A
  • Antihistamines
  • Decongestants
  • Injections
90
Q

What is asthma?

A

An increased responsiveness of bronchial tree to stimuli

91
Q

Asthma can be classified as a reversible condition.Which one?

A

COPD

92
Q

What causes asthma?

A

Many complex factors including biochemical, autonomic, immunologic, infectious, endocrine and psychological

93
Q

What is the most common chronic disease in adults and children?

A

Asthma

94
Q

Who is most at risk of developing asthma?

A

Puerto Ricans, African Americans and Native Americans

95
Q

What are the risk factors for asthma?

A
  • Environment
  • Large families
  • Pets
  • Antibiotics
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Low birth weight
96
Q

What are the three different types of asthma?

A
  1. Extrinsic
  2. Intrinsic
  3. Occupational
97
Q

What type of asthma mainly develops in adults?

A

Intrinsic

98
Q

What type of asthma is caused by hypersensitivity disorders?

A

Extrinsic

99
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of asthma?

A
  • Cough
  • SOB
  • Wheezing
100
Q

Repeated asthma attacks may lead to what?

A
  • Barrel chest
  • Elevated shoulders
  • Hypertonicity of accessory muscles of respiration
101
Q

What is Status asthmaticus?

A

An acute asthma attack that cannot be altered with routine care - often an emergency

102
Q

How many deaths are attributed to asthma each year?

A

4,000

103
Q

What are pneumoconioses?

A

Lung diseases caused by inhalation of mineral dusts, fumes and various organic or inorganic particulate matter

104
Q

What type of particles can cause pneumoconioses?

A

Coal, iron, silica and asbestos

105
Q

What determines the severity of pneumoconioses?

A
  • Duration of exposure
  • Concentration of particles
  • Size, shape and solubility of particles
106
Q

Which form of pneumoconioses has TB as a common complication?

A

Silicosis

107
Q

Which form of pneumoconioses is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer?

A

Asbestosis

108
Q

Clinical manifestations of pneumoconioses?

A
  • Progressive dyspnea
  • Chest pain
  • Chronic cough
  • Expectoration of mucus
109
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

An accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity caused by a defect in the visceral pleura or chest wall

110
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

A collapse of a lung, or lungs

111
Q

What is secondary pneumothorax a result of?

A

COPD, CF or other lung pathologies

112
Q

What is the pathogenesis of a pneumothorax?

A
  • Air enters the pleural cavity
  • Lung collapses and there is a separation between the visceral and parietal pleura → destroys the negative pressure of pleural space → lung collapses towards the hilum
  • Result is SOB and mediastinal shift towards the unaffected side → compress the opposite lung
113
Q

What are the 5 types of pneumothorax?

A
  1. Spontaneous
  2. Traumatic
  3. Open
  4. Iatrogenic
  5. Tension
114
Q

Which type of pneumothorax is caused by blebs and bullae?

A

Spontaneous

115
Q

Which type of pneumothorax can be caused by CPR?

A

Iatrogenic

116
Q

Clinical manifestations of pneumothorax?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Sharp, pleuritic chest pain
  • Fall in blood pressure
  • Weak and rapid pulse
117
Q

How long after treatment for pneumothorax do you have to wait before you can fly?

A

2 weeks

118
Q

How do you treat pneumothorax?

A

Oxygen and surgery

119
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the pleura

120
Q

What is pleurisy also known as?

A

Pleuritis

121
Q

What can cause pleurisy?

A

Infection, injury or tumour

122
Q

What does pleurisy often occur alongside?

A

Pneumonia, TB, abscesses, influenza, SLE, RA

123
Q

Symptoms of pleurisy?

A
  • Sharp, sticking pain
  • Worse on inspiration, coughing, sneezing, movement
  • Cough
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Tachypnea
124
Q

What are the 2 types of pleurisy?

A

Wet and dry

125
Q

What type of pleurisy is less likely to cause pain?

A

Wet

126
Q

What type of pleurisy is more likely to become infected?

A

Wet

127
Q

Where does pain in diaphragmatic pleurisy refer to?

A

Neck, upper traps or shoulder

128
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

Increased fluid between visceral and parietal pleura

129
Q

What pathologies can lead to pleural effusion?

A

Congestive heart failure; liver disease; kidney disease; trauma; malignancy; PE

130
Q

What condition is secondary to alveolar hypoventilation ?

A

Ventilatory failure

131
Q

What four areas of the body can lead to ventilatory failure if they become dysfunctional?

A
  1. Neural control of respiration
  2. Respiratory muscles
  3. Chest wall
  4. Airways
132
Q

What are some pathologies that can lead to ventilatory failure?

A
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Tetanus toxin
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Muscular dystrophy
133
Q

What is ARDS?

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

134
Q

What can cause ARDS?

A
  • Shock – trauma, burns, acute cardiac failure
  • Pneumonia
  • Toxic lung injury – fumes, drugs, bacterial endotoxins
  • Aspiration of fluids
135
Q

What is Lung cancer?

A

A malignancy of the epithelium of the respiratory tract

136
Q

What is Lung cancer also known as?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

137
Q

What percentage of lung cancer is caused by smoking?

A

Up to 90%

138
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate for lung cancer

A

About 15%

139
Q

What are the 2 main types of lung cancer?

A
  1. Small cell lung carcinoma

2. Non Small cell lung carcinoma

140
Q

Which type is also known as oat cell lung cancer?

A

Small Cell

141
Q

Which type of lung cancer mainly occurs in non-smokers?

A

Adenocarcinoma

142
Q

Which type of lung cancer mainly occurs in smokers?

A

Small Cell

143
Q

What type of lung cancer is most prevalent?

A

Non Small cell

144
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of Non Small Cell?

A
  1. Adenocarcinoma
  2. Squamous Cell carcinoma
  3. Giant Cell carcinoma
145
Q

Which of these 3 subtypes is the most common?

A

Adenocarcinoma

146
Q

Where does lung cancer most often metastasis to?

A

The brain, bones, kidneys and adrenal glands

147
Q

What are some of the bronchial manifestations of lung cancer?

A
  • Coughing
  • Wheezing
  • Dyspnea
  • Hemoptysis
148
Q

What is hepatomegaly?

A

Metastasis to the liver

149
Q

What are some of the systemic manifestations of lung cancer?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Cachexia
  • Anorexia
  • General malaise
150
Q

What is a Paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

A condition that arises as a result of the tumour but not directly caused by the cancer itself

Sys Path (3 decks)

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