Cardiovascular system Flashcards
What is hypertensive vascular disease?
-hypertension (HTN): persistent elevation of diastolic blood pressure (higher than 90mm Hg), systolic blood pressure
How do you classify hypertensive vascular disease?
- type, severity, and cause
- primary or secondary
What percentage of cases of hypertensive vascular disease are primary?
95%
What are some causes of secondary hypertension?
renal disease, vascular disease, endocrine disorders, adrenal disorders, hyperthyroidism, coarctation of the aorta, excessive alcohol intake, use of oral contraceptives, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, cocaine, pregnancy, etc.
What causes primary hypertension?
idiopathic
What are some risk factors of hypertensive vascular disease?
- genetics
- smoking
- obesity
- high cholesterol
- ethnicity - African decent have a higher risk
- diet - high sodium
- inadequate sleep
What is the pathogenesis of hypertension?
- increased cardiac output
- increase peripheral vascular resistance
What are some contributing factors of hypertension?
- abnormal sodium transport
- sympathetic nervous system stimulation (fight or flight. increase vascular tone, adrenals)
- renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (hormonal increase of BP, increase sodium & H2O absorption in kidneys)
- vasodilator deficiency (narrowed lumen)
What are the early pathological changes of hypertension?
no pathologic changes occur in early stages
What are the late pathological changes in hypertension?
-severe or prolonged hypertension damages target organs (primarily the cardiovascular system, brain, and kidneys), increasing risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, stroke and renal failure
What is atherosclerosis?
narrowing and hardening of arteries
How does atherosclerosis relate to hypertension?
Hypertension accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis promotes hypertension.
What are the clinical manifestations of hypertension?
- asymptomatic
- headache
- vertigo
- flushed face
- blurred vision
- nocturia
- frequency
- sleep apnea
How do you diagnose HTN?
sphygmomanometer (BP cuff)
What are the treatments for HTN?
- quit smoking
- weight eduction
- regular aerobic exercise
- supplements
- decrease intake of fat, alcohol, caffeine, salt, sugar
- medications: diuretics; adrenergic blockers; vasodilators; ACE inhibitors; calcium antagonists.
What is the most common cause of adult blindness in the US?
Diabetic retinopathy- a type of diabetic microangiopathy.
What is the number one cause of renal failure in the U.S.?
Diabetic nephropathy- a type of diabetic microangiopathy.
What are varicose veins( aka varicosities)
An abnormal dilation of veins leading to tortuosity (twisting and turning) of the vessel, incompetence of the valves, and the propensity of thrombosis.
Common sites for varicose veins are:
Lower extremity, saphenous vein, rectum and anal canal (hemorrhoid), scrotum(variocele)
What is the most common symptom of varicose veins?
A dull, aching heaviness, tension,fatigue brought on by standing.
What is a venous thrombosis?
Partial or full occlusion of a vein by a clot.
What is a thrombophlebitis?
Partial or complete occlusion of a vein by a thrombus (clot)with a secondary inflammatory Rx in the wall of the vein.
What is a phlebothrombitis?
Inflammation of a vein, predisposing a person to clot formation
What Are the most common cardiovascular diseases?(US)
#1-coronary artery episodes (heart attack) #2- cerebrovascular accidents (stroke) #3- deep vein thrombosis
