Cardiovascular system

Question 1

What is hypertensive vascular disease?

Answer 1

-hypertension (HTN): persistent elevation of diastolic blood pressure (higher than 90mm Hg), systolic blood pressure

Question 2

How do you classify hypertensive vascular disease?

Answer 2

• type, severity, and cause

- primary or secondary

Question 3

What percentage of cases of hypertensive vascular disease are primary?

Answer 3

95%

Question 4

What are some causes of secondary hypertension?

Answer 4

renal disease, vascular disease, endocrine disorders, adrenal disorders, hyperthyroidism, coarctation of the aorta, excessive alcohol intake, use of oral contraceptives, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, cocaine, pregnancy, etc.

Question 5

What causes primary hypertension?

Answer 5

idiopathic

Question 6

What are some risk factors of hypertensive vascular disease?

Answer 6

• genetics
• smoking
• obesity
• high cholesterol
• ethnicity - African decent have a higher risk
• diet - high sodium
• inadequate sleep

Question 7

What is the pathogenesis of hypertension?

Answer 7

• increased cardiac output

- increase peripheral vascular resistance

Question 8

What are some contributing factors of hypertension?

Answer 8

• abnormal sodium transport
• sympathetic nervous system stimulation (fight or flight. increase vascular tone, adrenals)
• renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (hormonal increase of BP, increase sodium & H2O absorption in kidneys)
• vasodilator deficiency (narrowed lumen)

Question 9

What are the early pathological changes of hypertension?

Answer 9

no pathologic changes occur in early stages

Question 10

What are the late pathological changes in hypertension?

Answer 10

-severe or prolonged hypertension damages target organs (primarily the cardiovascular system, brain, and kidneys), increasing risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, stroke and renal failure

Question 11

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 11

narrowing and hardening of arteries

Question 12

How does atherosclerosis relate to hypertension?

Answer 12

Hypertension accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis promotes hypertension.

Question 13

What are the clinical manifestations of hypertension?

Answer 13

• asymptomatic
• headache
• vertigo
• flushed face
• blurred vision
• nocturia
• frequency
• sleep apnea

Question 14

How do you diagnose HTN?

Answer 14

sphygmomanometer (BP cuff)

Question 15

What are the treatments for HTN?

Answer 15

• quit smoking
• weight eduction
• regular aerobic exercise
• supplements
• decrease intake of fat, alcohol, caffeine, salt, sugar
• medications: diuretics; adrenergic blockers; vasodilators; ACE inhibitors; calcium antagonists.

Question 16

What is the most common cause of adult blindness in the US?

Answer 16

Diabetic retinopathy- a type of diabetic microangiopathy.

Question 17

What is the number one cause of renal failure in the U.S.?

Answer 17

Diabetic nephropathy- a type of diabetic microangiopathy.

Question 18

What are varicose veins( aka varicosities)

Answer 18

An abnormal dilation of veins leading to tortuosity (twisting and turning) of the vessel, incompetence of the valves, and the propensity of thrombosis.

Question 19

Common sites for varicose veins are:

Answer 19

Lower extremity, saphenous vein, rectum and anal canal (hemorrhoid), scrotum(variocele)

Question 20

What is the most common symptom of varicose veins?

Answer 20

A dull, aching heaviness, tension,fatigue brought on by standing.

Question 21

What is a venous thrombosis?

Answer 21

Partial or full occlusion of a vein by a clot.

Question 22

What is a thrombophlebitis?

Answer 22

Partial or complete occlusion of a vein by a thrombus (clot)with a secondary inflammatory Rx in the wall of the vein.

Question 23

What is a phlebothrombitis?

Answer 23

Inflammation of a vein, predisposing a person to clot formation

Question 24

What Are the most common cardiovascular diseases?(US)

Answer 24

#1-coronary artery episodes (heart attack)
#2- cerebrovascular accidents (stroke) 
#3- deep vein thrombosis

Question 25

Where do DVTs typically present?

Answer 25

Usually in the calf. It is often silent/benign-although pulmonary embolism can occur as a complication. Thromboses in the popliteal, femoral, iliac vein or inferior vena cava are associated with greater risk of PE.

Question 26

T or F: 30% of people undergoing major surgery procedures develop DVT.

Answer 26

True.

Question 27

What are some treatment methods for DVTs?

Answer 27

Elastic stockings, medications, surgery

Question 28

What is chronic venous insufficiency? (Aka post phlebitis syndrome; venous stasis)

Answer 28

Inadequate venous return over a long period of time.
Follows most severe cases of DVT
Can occur secondary to varicose veins, leg trauma or neoplasms.

Question 29

What kind of disorder does Raynauds classify under?

Answer 29

Raynauds is a vasomotor disorder

Question 30

What is Raynauds?

Answer 30

Intermittent episodes of small artery or arteriolar constriction of the extremities causing temporary pallor or cyanosis of the digits and changes in skin temperature. Occurs in response to cold temperature, anxiety or excitement.

Question 31

What is the difference between Raynaud’s phenomenon and Raynaud’s disease?

Answer 31

Raynaud’s phenomena is secondary to another disease or underlying cause.
Raynaud’s disease is a primary vasospastic disorder and is idiopathic.

Question 32

What is the incidence of decompression sickness?

Answer 32

2-4/10,000 dives

Question 33

Because N2 (nitrogen) remains dissolved in body tissue for at least _____hours after each dive, repeated dives within ______day are most likely to cause decompression sickness.

Answer 33

Because N2 (nitrogen) remains dissolved in body tissue for at least 12 hours after each dive, repeated dives within 1 day are most likely to cause decompression sickness.

Question 34

what is decompression sickness also known as?

Answer 34

Aka: Caisson disease, “the bends” & divers disease

Question 35

What causes decompression sickness?

Answer 35

Occurs when rapid pressure reduction ( eg: during ascent from a dive) causes has previously dissolved in blood or tissues to form bubbles in blood vessels.