Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the four process of respiration?

Answer 1

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transportation of respiratory gasses (via cardiovascular system), and internal respiration

Question 2

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 2

breathing

Question 3

What is external respiration?

Answer 3

activity in the lungs (O2/CO2 transfer)

Question 4

What is internal respiration?

Answer 4

activity at the cellular level (O2/CO2 transfer)

Question 5

What does thee Uvula do?

Answer 5

prevents food from coming out of your nose

Question 6

Where is the conducting zone?

Answer 6

primary bronchi thru terminal bronchioles

Question 7

What changes occur thru the conducting zone?

Answer 7

decreased cartilage, increased smooth muscle

Question 8

Where is the respiratory zone?

Answer 8

respiratory bronchioles thru alveoli sacs

Question 9

What zone does the O2/CO2 gas exchange NOT occur?

Answer 9

the conducting zone

Question 10

How many alveoli are in the lungs?

Answer 10

300 million

Question 11

What are alveoli made of?

Answer 11

simple squamous or type I alveolar cells

Question 12

What is the surface area of all the alveoli?

Answer 12

about the size of a singles tennis court

Question 13

What occurs at the respiratory membrane?

Answer 13

this is where O2 and CO2 cross

Question 14

What is the respiratory membrane made up of?

Answer 14

alveolar type 1 cells, capillary squamous cells, shared basement membrane

Question 15

What do type II cells secrete?

Answer 15

surfactant

Question 16

What does surfactant do?

Answer 16

keeps the alveoli expanded

Question 17

How many lobes are on each side of the lungs?

Answer 17

3 on the right, 2 on the left

Question 18

What does the pleurae do?

Answer 18

covers the lungs, keeps them expanded

Question 19

What happens during inspiration?

Answer 19

inspiritory muscles contract & thoracic cavity volume increases

Question 20

What happens during expiration?

Answer 20

inspiritory muscles relax & thoracic cavity volume decreases

Question 21

What is the tidal volume and what is the avg. measurement?

Answer 21

amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs each breath at rest; 500mL

Question 22

How many times do we breathe per minute at rest?

Answer 22

12-15 times

Question 23

What causes hiccups?

Answer 23

irritation of diaphragm or phrenic nerve

Question 24

How is oxygen transported?

Answer 24

dissolved in plasma (1.5%) & bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin (98.5%)

Question 25

How is carbon dioxide transported?

Answer 25

dissolved in plasma (7-10%), chemically bound to hemoglobin (~20%), and as bicarbonate ion (70%)

Question 26

KNOW OXYGEN TRANSPORT & CO2 TRANSPORT

Answer 26

STUDY IT

Question 27

What does the DRG (dorsal respiratory group) do?

Answer 27

integrates input from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors, which it sends to the VRG

Question 28

What does the VRG (ventral respiratory group) do?

Answer 28

rhythm generating and integrative center, it’s output drives respiration

Question 29

What does the pontine respiratory center do?

Answer 29

1. modifies and fine tunes breathing rhythms during speaking, sleep and exercise
2. the pontine respiratory group transmits impulses to the VRG

Question 30

What is hypo-ventilation? How to you correct it?

Answer 30

• ventilation is inadequate to perform gas exchange, increased CO2 retention
• put person in cold shower, tap on person to get their attention

Question 31

What is hyper-ventilation? How to you correct it?

Answer 31

• increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds body’s need to remove CO2, decreased CO2 levels, increase in pH
• breathe in paper bag

Question 32

Where are oxygen levels detected?

Answer 32

chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery