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PHYL 1010 Y > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define cellular and external respiration

A 
Cellular = use of O2 by cell to make ATP 
External = EXCHANGE of O2 and CO2 between organism and external environment
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2
Q

Define the 5 steps of the respiratory system

A
  1. Exchange 1, between atmosphere and lungs, breathing ventilation
  2. Exchange 2, betweens lungs and blood
  3. Transport, gases in blood circulation
  4. Exchange 3, between blood and cell
  5. Cellular respirator in tissues
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3
Q

LOOK AT DIAGRAM OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A

-

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4
Q

How do cilia, music and phagocytes serve as protective mechanism?

A

Trachea ciliated epithelium
Secreted mucus and watery saline, cilia move music with trapped particles towards pharynx to be swallowed. music immunglobins, stomach acids and enzymes destroy

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5
Q

Define alveoli and what its function is

A

Clusters of elastic fibres that recoil after stretch, capillary network for gas exchange
Function is it constricts in repossess to irritants-

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6
Q

Define type I and type II cells

A

Type I - Gas excahnge, flat epithelial cells one layer thick

Type II - Secrete surfactant, increase compliance thicker smaller cells

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7
Q

What does the pleura do? Pleural sac?

A

Separates the lungs and the thoratic wall

Pleural sac surrounds each lung

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8
Q

Define visceral, parietal pleura, pleural space and pleural fluid

A

Visceral - attached to lungs
Pariental - attached to chest wall
Pleural space - between them
Pleural fluid - 30 ml only, allows membranes to slip not stick, holds lungs against chest wall

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9
Q

How does cystic fibrous affect the function of the lungs?

A

CFTR needed to secrete watery layer, but there is a channel problem which is therefore called cycles fibrous. Mucus is unable to move so bacteria begins to grow

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10
Q

What are the functions of the repository system? 4 of them

A

Gas exchange between atmosphere and blood
Vocalization by air moving across vocal cords
Homeostatis regulation of pH selective CO2 release
Protection from inhaled pathogens and other irritants

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11
Q

What are Daltons? What are Boyles?

A 
Daltons = total pressure in a gas mixture is the sum of the pressure of each gas 
Boyles = Increasing container volume decreases gas pressure, decreasing container volume increases gas pressure 
P1V1 = P2V2
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12
Q

Facts about ventilation, 7 of them

A
  • Need skeleto-muscle pump to change volume of lungs
  • Contract inspiratory muscles
  • chest expands so lung volume increases palu decreases and air flows in
  • Relax inspiratory muscles
  • Chest recoils so lung volume decreases and palv increase and air flows out
  • Patm is greater than Palv, air flows into lungs OR Palv is greater than Patm, air flows out of lungs
    Palv = Patm NO AIR FLOW
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13
Q

What is the formula for flow?

A

Flow = (Patm-Palv)/Air flow resistance (R)

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14
Q

Define alveolar pressure

A

Held within the alveoli of the lungs during inspiration, pressure valve is the difference from atmospheric pressure which is considered zero when establishing the valve

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15
Q

Define Inrapleural pressure

A

Pressure within the pleural cavity. Normally this pressure is slightly less than the atmospheric pressure

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16
Q

Define negative intrapleural pressure

A

Must remain negative or else lungs will recoil and collapse

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17
Q

Define pneumothorax, what is needed to happen for the lung to function again

A

Pleural membrane punctered “seal” is broken

For lung to function again you need to repair hole in the pleural membrane and return pip to negative pressure

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18
Q

How does Boyle’s law apply to ventilation?

A 
Inspiration= increase lung volume, decreased pal, air flows INTO lungs
Expiration = decrease lung volume, increase palv, air flows OUT of lungs
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19
Q

Sequence of events that happen during inspiration and expiration?

A

-

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20
Q

Define residual volume

A

air in lungs that cannot be expired

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21
Q

Define tidal volume

A

single quiet inspiration then quiet experation Vt

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22
Q

Define expiratory and inspiratory reserve volume

A 
Expiratory = extra volume of air that can be expired 
Inspiratory = extra volume of air that can be inspired
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23
Q

Define total lung capacity

A

IRV + VT + ERV + RV

Maximum volume of air that can be in the lungs

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24
Q

Define vital capacity

A

IRV + VT + ERV

Maximum volume of air that can move into or out of the lungs

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25
Q

Define inspiratory capacity and functional residual capacity

A

VT + IRV

RV + ERV

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26
Q

What is FEV1?

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second
breathe in as much as possible, breathe out as fast and forcefully, measure volume of air expired in first sec, measure FVC
FEV1/FVC x 100%, should be bigger than 80, anything less can be possible restrictive lung disease

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27
Q

Define lung compliance, what is surfactant and respiratory distress syndrome

A

How much force must inspiratory muscles exert to stretch lungs
Greater compliance = easier to stretch
Sufactant = reduces surface tension, increases compliance
respiratory distress syndrome = lack of surfactant

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28
Q

What is the law of Laplace

A

2T/R
With the same surface tensions and smaller bubbles and have higher pressure
Smaller alveoli, higher concentration of surfactant, if not could collapse

29
Q

When dealing with airway resistance, define airway length (L), Viscocity (n) and airway radius (r4)

A 
Length = doesn't change
Viscosity = interactions between gas molecules, water droplets in steamy air increase velocity, altitude may have smaller effect
Radius = can change, neural paracrine and physical factors under normal circumstances, not a large effecrs
30
Q

What could the diagnosis be if there is an increased airway resistance?

A

COPD or asthama

31
Q

Define anatomical dead space

A

Volume of air in conducting airways that does not take part in gas exchange
App. 150 mL so 500-150=350 mL in alveoli

32
Q

Define minute ventilation and what is the formula

A

Equilvalent to cardiac output

12 breaths/min x 500 ml/breath = 6.0 L/min

33
Q

Define alveolar ventilation and what is the formula

A

Amount of fresh air entering alveoli

breaths/min x (tidal volume - dead space volume)

34
Q

What does the concentration of gas in liquid depend on?

A

Partial pressure of gas and solubility of gas in liquid

35
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

Amount of gas that dissolves in solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas

36
Q

What does the solubility of gas depend on? 4 things

A

Temperature, partial pressure of the gas over the liquid, the nature of the solvent and the nature of the gas
Most common solvent is water

37
Q

Normal blood values in pulmonary medicine

A

-

38
Q

What is alveolar-gas blood exchange?

A

The gas in the alveoli of the lungs where gaseous exchange with the capillary blood takes place

39
Q

Define asthma

A

decreased concentration gradient, decreased diffusion rate

40
Q

Define emphysema

A

less exchange surface area due to collapsed alveoli, decreased diffusion rate

41
Q

Define Fibrotic lung disease

A

thicker alveolar membrane, decreased diffusion rate, alveolar PO2 if loss of compliance affects ventilation

42
Q

Define pulmonary edema

A

Increased intersistual fluid, decreased diffusion rate

43
Q

How does alveolar ventilation match perfusion?

A

Blood picks up sufficient oxygen via both pathways

44
Q

How does alveolar ventilation pefusion mismatch?

A

Branchiole constricted PO2 low, PCO2 high, blood will not be oxygenated

45
Q

What are two local control mechanisms?

A
  1. Try to match ventilation and perfusion

2. Lowtissue PO2 leads to constricted article and blood os diverted to area where it can pick uo more oxygen

46
Q

Look at local control diagram ***

A

-

47
Q

What are the two methods in which oxygen is transported in the blood?

A
  1. dissolved in plasma (98%), oxyhemoglobin, combined with dissolved can transport 1000 ml/min
48
Q

What are the right shift and left shift changed in binding affinity for Hb for O2?

A

right shift = binding affinity, more O2 unloaded

left shift = binding affinity increases, less O2 unloaded

49
Q

What is the CO2 transport in blood? 3 steps

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma - 7%
  2. Bound to hemoglobin - 23%
  3. As biocarbonate ions - 70%
50
Q

How does H go from tissues to lungs?

A

H are carried in the blood along with oxygen and carbon dioxide
60% of the carbon dioxide is carried as dissolved bicarbonate
A small amount of CO2 is carried on the hemoglobin as carbonhemoglobin which is transported to the lungs for removal

51
Q

Define hypoxia

A

Definency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

52
Q

Define hypoxemia (hypoxic hypoxia)

A

an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood, decreased arterial PO2 due to ventilation of gas exchange problems

53
Q

Define anemic hypoxia

A

Normal PO2, decrease O2 transport capacity

54
Q

Define ischemic hypoxia

A

decreased blood flow to tissues (heart failure, shock)

55
Q

Define histotoxic hypoxia

A

decreased cellular respiration, cells can’t use oxygen due to toxic agent interference

56
Q

What is the central pattern generator?

A

The brain stem, the medulla controls inspiration and expiration (which sets the rhythm) and the pons modulate ventilation

57
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

In the cartoid bodies, they are activated by low PO2 which triggers a series of events

58
Q

What 2 series of events does low PO2 cause?

A
  1. K channels open, cell depolarizes, voltage gated Ca channels open, Ca entry, exocytosis of dopamine-containing vesicles which bind to dopamine receptors in sensory neurons
  2. AP then signal to the medullary centres to increase ventilation
59
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

In between the CSF and medulla. These are the most important ventilation regulators, they monitor CSF pH and arterial PCO2

60
Q

What happens with central chemoreceptors?

A

H cannot pass through blood brain barrier, CO2 enters CSF, converted to H and HCO3, H then activates the central chemoreceptor, ventilation changes occur

61
Q

Control of ventilation by PCO2?

A

Levels stimulate a quick reaction making it very effective in increasing or decreasing ventilation

62
Q

Control of ventilation by PO2?

A

Levels also stimulate a series of reactions to but takes a longer time as there are many steps to getting towards an increase or decrease ventilation

63
Q

Control of ventilation by H?

A

Levels also stimulate a series of reactions to increase or decrease ventilation

64
Q

What is the control of ventilation during exercise?

A

Muscle and joint receptors, motor cortex, respiratory control center and ventilation increases
Hypernea = matching ventilation to O2 use

65
Q

Stronger stimulus?

A

Carbon dioxide, via central chemoreceptors, is a much stronger stimulus to alvelolar ventilation than oxygen

66
Q

Define the higher brain centre (central chemoreceptors)

A

They regulate CSF pH and arterial PCO2 which can set off a series of reactions to regulate ventilation

67
Q

What are the 3 protective reflexes of the lungs?

A
  1. Lung stretch receptors = prevent lung over inflation
  2. Irritant receptors = located between airway epithelial cells
  3. Muscle/joint receptors = increased signals to medulla control centre, results in increased breathing rate
68
Q

Define respiratory and metabolic acidosis

A 
Respiratory = hypoventilation
metabolic = increase arterial H concentration not due to CO2
69
Q

Define respiratory and metabolic alkalosis

A 
Respiratory = hyperventilation
Metabolic = decrease arterial H concentration not due to CO2

PHYL 1010 Y (3 decks)

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