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PHYL 1010 Y > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Define cardiovascular system

A

Transport of materials to different parts of the body

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2
Q

What does the heart, blood vessels and blood do

A

Generates movement, form a pathway, and is a medium

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3
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

% of red blood cells that are blood

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4
Q

What is pulmonary responsible for?

A

Lungs and gas exchange (bottom)

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5
Q

What is systemic responsible for?

A

Pickup and delivery for all tissues

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6
Q

What is blood flow drive by?

A

Pressure created by ventricular contraction by the resistance offered by a narrow blood vessel

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7
Q

What WAY does blood flow?

A

Down a pressure gradient, from high to low

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8
Q

What is blood viscosity?

A

Thickness/stickiness of blood, resistance increases with this

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9
Q

What does vessel length have to do with resistance?

A

Resistance increases with length

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10
Q

What does vessel radius have to do with resistance?

A

Resistance increases as the radius decreases

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11
Q

What is the formula for R?

A

R = 8Ln/PIEr^4

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12
Q

What does a 2-fold change in vessel radius result in?

A

a 16 fold change in resistance

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13
Q

What is flow rate?

A

Volume of blood that passes point in given time (L/min)

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14
Q

Define velocity of flow

A

Distance travelled in given time (cm/min)

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15
Q

What is the formula for V?

A

V = Flow rate/Cross sectional area

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16
Q

What is the formula for pressure gradient?

A

P = P1-P2

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17
Q

What has the highest and lowest pressure?

A

Aorta and Vena Cavae

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18
Q

What is the base and apex of the heart?

A

Base = wide part, Apex = point

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19
Q

Where does blood pass through?

A

Passes through valves to get in and out of ventricles

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20
Q

Where are the AV valves?

A

Between the atria and ventricles

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21
Q

Where are the SL valves?

A

Between the ventricles and pulmonary trunk (or aorta)

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22
Q

What is the pulmonary system compared to the systemic?

A

Pulmonary is low resistance, low pressure system compared to systemic

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23
Q

What are the action potentials in pacemaker cells?

A

Minimum is 60 which is due to net inward leak of Na+, depolarizes cell to threshold, action potential is initiated

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24
Q

Define contractile cells

A

Able to get smaller, sympathetic stimulation increases contractility

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25
Q

Define skeletal muscle fiber

A

Refractory period very short compared to length of twitch

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26
Q

Define short refractory period

A

Permits tetanus of contraction

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27
Q

What is excitation contraction coupling and how does it work?

A
  • AP in nehibouring cells send positive ions through gap
  • Cell membrane depolarizes to threshold, AP initiated
  • AP spreads along cell membrane and into T tubules
  • When voltage gated Ca channels open, Ca enters cell and induces release of Ca from SR via CA release channels
  • Ca initiate cross bridge cycle
  • Cell contracts
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28
Q

What is relaxation and what happens?

A
  • Membrane repolarizes, Ca release channels close
  • Ca dissociates from troponin, some Ca pumped back into SR
  • Some Ca leaves cell via Na/Ca exchanger
  • Some Ca pumped out of cell
  • Na/K pump maintains membrane potential
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29
Q

What are the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation?

A

depolarized membrane potential
Increased slope of pacemaker potential
INCREASED HEART RATE

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30
Q

What are the effects of parasympathetic stimulation?

A

hyper polarized minimum potential
decreased slope of pacemaker potential
DECREASED HEART RATE

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31
Q

What is the sympathetic control of contractility?

A

If more Ca enters the cell, then more Ca is released from the SR
More Ca ions bind to troposin, so more cross bridges are formed
Therefore stronger contraction

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32
Q

Pacemaker cells in the SA node?

A

Produce spontaneous AP in a rhythmic fashion, results in the propagation of AP throughout the heart

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33
Q

What are P, QRS and T waves?

A 
P = atrial depolarization
QRS = ventricular depolarization 
T = Ventricular repolarization
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34
Q

Why is an ECG useful?

A

It has particular features that serve to mark the timing and quality of particular cardiac electrical events

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35
Q

Cardiac cycle of contraction?

A

Ventricular filling - Isovolumetric contraction - Ventricular ejection (systole, 0.3 sec)

36
Q

Cardiac cycle of relaxation?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation - Ventricular filling (diastole, 0.5 sec)

37
Q

What happens during systole?

A

Contracting of the heart, AV valves shut, SL valves open

38
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

Relaxation of the heart, AV valves open, SL valves shut

39
Q

What is cardiac output and what is the formula?

A

It is the volume of blood pumped out by EACH ventricle in one minute (typical value 5L/min)
Formula is CO = HRxSR

40
Q

What is stroke volume and what is the formula for it?

A

Volume of blood pumped out of the ventricle during one contraction
Formula is SV = CO/HR or EDV - ESV
It is determined by preload, sympathetic input to ventricles and after load

41
Q

What is Starlings law of the heart?

A

More blood in results in more blood out, the more blood in the ventricles the more the muscle fibres are stretched

42
Q

What kind of tissue is an Artery, Arteriole, Capillary, Venule and Vein?

A

Elastic, Smooth, Endothelial, Endothelial, Elastic and smooth

43
Q

What is systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?

A 
Sys = highest pressure during ventricle ejection
Dias = Lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation
44
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Systolic - Diastolic

120-80 = 40 mmHg

45
Q

What is mean pressure? What is the formula?

A

MAP relatively constant in large arteries, blood enters from heart and leaves through arterioles
Formula is DP + 1/3 (SP-DP) = 93 mmHg

46
Q

What happens with the branching of arterioles into narrow arterioles?

A

Results in high resistance to blood flow through the narrow arteriolar vessels

47
Q

Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A 
vasocon = increased resistance, angiotestin II
vasodil = decreased resistance, ANP
F = P/R
48
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Vessels where the greatest drop in mean blood pressure occur

49
Q

What are the 3 capillary types?

A 
Continous = closely joined, muscles, nervous
Fenestrated = Large pores, kidneys, intestines
Sinusoids = Wide fenestrated bone marrow, liver, spleen
50
Q

Define diffusion, transcytosis and Bulk flow

A

Diffusion = exchange of nutrients, oxygen and metabolic end points
Transyctosis = Move larger solutes and proteins
Bulk Flow = movement of fluid between capillaries and ISF

51
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure and Calloid osmotic pressure

A 
Hydrostatic = pushes
Calloid = Pulls
52
Q

Define filtration and absorption

A

Filtration is out of capillaries into ISF

Absorption is into capillary from ISF

53
Q

Define net pressure

A

Hydrostatic - Colloid
Fluid moves out of arterial end, most returned at venous end
Pc decreases from a retrial to venous ends of capillaries due to FRICTION

54
Q

What route is travelled by blood from the venous end of capillaries back to the heart?

A

Smooth muscle
Due to the presence of smooth muscle the diameter of the veins can be altered by sympathetic discharge of hormones like adrenaline and angiotensin II

55
Q

Why is the lympethic system needed? What is its function?

A

for fluid transport, consists of valves, smooth muscle and skeletal muscle pumps.
Function is to return fluid filtered out by capillaries and returned to veins near the right atrium, app 3L

56
Q

What is edema?

A

Accumulation of ISF which leads to failure of sympathetic system

57
Q

Define lymph

A

Fluid, protein and bacteria

58
Q

Arterial blood pressure by baroreceptor reflexes are what 4 things?

A 
Monitor = barorecpetors
Integration = medullary cardiovascular system
Effector = Heart, arterioles, veins
Adaptation = setpoint reset
59
Q

What is the renal system responsible for?

A

Control of blood pressure, the kidneys can change volume by how much it excretes

60
Q

What is hypotension and orthostatic hypotension?

A

Hypotension = Low blood pressure

Orthostatic pressure = lying down to standing up, gravity causes pooling

61
Q

What are the reasons for loss of blood volume? What happens when there is a haemorrhage?

A

Haemorrhage, sweating, dirrehea
When their is a haemorrhage the baroreceptor reflex kicks i and try to compensate to bring the MAP towards normal, BR increases the heart rate therefore bringing back up the blood pressure

62
Q

What are the major effects of exercise on blood flow? Where does the remaining blood go?

A

Normal distribution of blood during exercise goes to feeding your skeletal muscles, goes from resting 1.22 L/min to 22.5 L/min, large portions of remaining blood goes to heart

63
Q

What is shock and what are the 4 causes?

A

An extreme drop in blood flow

  1. Cardiogenic - heart fails to pump enough blood to maintain normal CO
  2. Hypovolumic - decreased blood flow in circulation
  3. septic - bacterial toxins
  4. anaphalyatic - immune reaction, widespread vasodilation
64
Q

What is coronary heart disease and heart attack and what are the risk factors?

A

They are atheroscleoresis which means that arteries form plaques which cause decreased blood flow
Risk are hypertension, smoking, obesity, inherited factors, etc.

65
Q

What is hypertension and what is the problem with it?

A

A chronically increased systemic arterial pressure, usually due to vasoconstriction and therefore increase TPR
Problem is the heart has to work harder to pump out blood, endothelial cells lining vessels may be damaged, blood vessels report and adaptation of baroreceptor reflex

66
Q

What are the 3 major types of blood cells?

A

Red blood cells - erythyocytes, transport Co and O
White blood cells - leukocytes, immune/defence
Platelets - cell fragments, thrombocytes, hemostatsis

67
Q

What is plasma?

A

more than 90% (93%) water. it also includes ions, organic molecules, trace elements, vitamins and gases

68
Q

What is the normal hero crit?

A

Males = 45-52
Females = 37-48
Blood volume, 5L females normally less

69
Q

Define erthyroposis

A

Red blood cell production

70
Q

What is a cytosine regulator?

A

Erythopoitin, which is a substance released by the kidneys in response to low O2 levels

71
Q

What is the life span of a RBC?

A

4 months

72
Q

Define hemoglobin

A

4 global chains with a heme group. Oxygen binds to each iron, max 4 per hb molecule. hemoglobin carry the O2 in the blood

73
Q

What does Iron do?

A

Makes more RBC or stored in liver as peroration or travels in blood bound transferrin

74
Q

What are the 3 steps in the Iron cycle?

A
  1. Spleen = hemoglobin is broken in global (amino acids) and heme
  2. Iron - make more RBC or stored in liver as ferratin
  3. Birirubin = broken down in liver, excreted in feces or urine
75
Q

Define anemia

A

Decreased ability to carry oxygen

76
Q

Define hemostasis

A

Keep blood within damages vessel

77
Q

How do you seal a cut or torn blood vessel? 5 steps

A
  1. damage occurs
  2. paracrine released by endothelium
  3. vasoconstriction vascular spasm
  4. temporarily decreases flow and pressure in affected vessel
  5. Temporary hemostasis
78
Q

Talk about platelet plug formation and what it is

A

Mechanical blocking of a hole
Fragments pinched off by megakaryotic
No nucleus, colorless
Life expectancy 10 days

79
Q

What are activated platelets and what do they look like

A

Spiky outer surface and are able to stick to each other (AAA)

80
Q

Define TXA2

A

Thromboxane A2, vasoconstrictor, platelet aggressor

81
Q

Define Heparin

A

Compound occurring in the liver that inhibits blood coagulation, it is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis

82
Q

Define tPA

A

Tissue plasminogen activator, involved in the breakdown of blood clots

83
Q

Define fibrin

A

An insoluble protein formed from fibrin during blood clotting, forms a fibrous mesh that impeded the flow of blood

84
Q

Define the intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway

A 
In = exposed collagen + XII
Ex = Exposed tissue factor + VII
85
Q

Define fibrinolysis

A

Clot dissolution

Plasminogen and tPA bind to fibrin in blood clot

86
Q

Define anticoagulant and name examples

A

A factor that opposes clot formation

Examples are aspirin, heparin, oral anticoagulants

PHYL 1010 Y (3 decks)

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